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BMS101 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What organs in digestive system do (5)

A
  • Ingest food
  • Transport ingested food
  • Digest material into smaller usable components
  • absorb necessary nutrients into bloodstream
  • expel waste products from body
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2
Q

2 Categories of Organs in digestive system

A
  1. Digestive Organs: make up gastrointestinal tract (aka digestive tract or alimentary canal)
  2. Accessory digestive organs: organs that aide in digestion
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3
Q

Digestive system functions (6)

A
  • Ingestion
  • Digestion
  • Propulsion
  • secretion
  • Absorption
  • Elimination of wastes
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4
Q

GI Tract Organs (6)

A
  • Oral cavity
  • Pharynx
  • oesophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
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5
Q

Cheeks, Lips & Palate

  • palate (2 types)
  • uvula
A
  • Palate = roof of oral cavity
    • anterior 2/3 = hard palate (comprised of bone)
    • posterior 1/3 = soft palate (musclar)
      - uvula extends from it -> elevates during swallowing and closes off posterior entrance to nasopharynx
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6
Q

Cheeks, lips & palate

  • Cheeks and lips
  • labial fenulum
A
  • Cheeks = lateral wall (mainly comprised of buccinator muscles)
    - end anteriorly as lips
  • Gingivae (gums) cover alveolar processes of teeth
  • internal surface of upper and lower lips attached to gingivae by thin, midline mucosa fold called labial frenulum.
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7
Q

What comprises the oral cavity

A
  • Cheeks, lips & palate
  • Tongue
  • salivary glands
  • teeth
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8
Q

Cheeks, Lips and Palate

  • fauces
    • 2 muscles that bind it laterally
  • palatine tonsils -> where found
A
  • Fauces represent opening from oral cavity to oropharynx
    • are bounded laterally by paired muscular folds (palatoglossal arch & palatopharyngeal arch)
  • Palatine tonsils housed between two arches
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9
Q

Tongue

  • What it does
  • bolus
  • lingual frenulum (what it is & where it attaches)
A
  • Manipulates & mixes ingested materials during chewing & helps compress partially digested materials into bolus
  • Bolus: globular mass of ingested materials that can be more easily swallowed
  • inner surface of tongue attaches to floor of oral cavity by thin, midline mucous membrane called lingual frenulum
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10
Q

Gustation

  • what is it
  • Gustatory cells (what are they called?)
    - where located
A
  • Sense of taste
  • Gustatory cells = taste receptors housed in specialized organs called TASTE BUDS
    - located on dorsal surface of tongue in elevated epithelial & CT called papillae
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11
Q

Tongue Papillae (4 types)

A
  1. Filiform papillae
  2. Fungiform papillae
  3. Vallate papillae (form a V shape)
  4. Foliate papillae
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12
Q

Salivary Glands

  • role
  • 5 functions
A

-produce & secrete saliva into oral cavity
FUNCTIONS;
-moistens ingested materials to become slick bolus
-Moistens, cleanses & lubricates struct. of oral cavity
-chem digestion of ingested materials
-antibacterial action
-dissolves materials so that taste receptors on tongue can be stimulated

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13
Q

3 pairs of salivary glands -> where all are located

A
  • located external to oral cavity
    1. Parotid glands
    2. Submandibular glands
    3. Sublingual glands
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14
Q

Salivary Glands; Parotid salivary glands

  • where found
  • how much saliva they produce
A
  • longest of 3 salivary glands
  • located anterior & inferior to ear
  • secrete 25-30% total saliva
  • run parallel to zygomatic arch & pierces buccinator muscle
  • also secrete amylase
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15
Q

Salivary glands; Submandibular glands

  • where found
  • how much saliva they produce
A
  • reside inferior to body of mandible
  • Produce majority of saliva (60-70%)
  • submandibular duct transports saliva from each gland through papilla in floor of mouth
    • on lateral sides of lingual frenulum
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16
Q

Salivary glands; Sublingual salivary glands

  • where found
  • how much saliva they produce
A
  • Inferior to tongue
  • Each gland extends multiple tiny sublingual ducts that open onto inferior surface of oral cavity (posterior to submandibular duct papillae
  • Only contribute 3-5% total saliva
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17
Q

Salivary gland secretion (2 types)

A

-2 types of secretory cells found in glands;

  1. Mucous cells: secrete mucin, which forms mucus upon hydration (provides lubrication in oral cavity)
  2. Serous cells: secrete watery fluid containing ions, lysozyme and salivary amylase (involved in chemical digestion)
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18
Q

Salivary glands and types of secretion

A
  • Parotoid = serous secretion
  • Submandibular = mucous and serous secretions
  • Sublingual = mucous and serous secretions
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19
Q

Teeth

  • Parts of tooth
  • dentin
  • enamel
  • centre of tooth
  • root canal
A
  • aka dentition
  • Tooth has exposed crown, constricted neck & 1 or more roots that fit into dental alveoli
  • dentin forms primary mass of tooth (is harder than bone)
  • each root covered w/ cementum
  • external surface of dentin = layer of enamel
  • centre = pulp cavity that contains connective tissue called pulp
  • root canal opens into CT through opening called apical foramen (where blood vessels & nerves pass through this opening)
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20
Q

Teeth - the 2 sets that develop and erupt in normal lifetime

-number of teeth

A
  1. Deciduous teeth: erupt between 6-30 months, 20 in number (often called milk teeth)
  2. Permanent teeth: replace deciduous teeth, 32 in number
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21
Q

Permanent teeth

-4 types and what they’re used for

A
  • Incisors: most anteriorly placed, shaped like chisels, single root (slicing/cutting)
  • Canines: posterolateral to incisors, pointed tips (puncturing/tearing)
  • Premolars: posterolateral to canines, have flat crowns w/ prominent ridges called cusps (crushing/grinding)
  • Molars: thickest and most posterior teeth (crushing/grinding)
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22
Q

Pharynx

  • shared by
  • 3 skeletal muscles -> what they do
  • blood supply
A
  • shared by respiratory & digestive systems
  • 3 skeletal muscle pairs of paryngeal constrictors (superior, middle & inferior)
    • participate in swallowing
  • Branches of external carotid arteries supply pharynx
  • internal jugular veins drain the pharynx
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23
Q

Oesophagus

  • what it does
  • length
  • oesophageal hiatus
A
  • Tubular passageway that conducts ingested materials from pharynx to stomach
  • Passes through opening in diaphragm (oesophageal hiatus) as it connects to stomach
  • approx 25 cm long (anterior to vertebral bodies)
    • 1.5cm in abdomen before changing into stomach
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24
Q

Oesophagus

  • 3 Layers
  • 2 sphincters & what they control
A
  • Layers; Mucosa (inner), Mucularis mucosa (voluntary & involuntary mucles), advantitia (Connects oesophagus to other body parts)
  • 2 sphincters;
    1. Superior Oesophageal sphincter: at junction of pharynx & oesophagus -> closes during inhalation preventing air from entering GI tract
    2. Inferior oesophageal sphincter: at juction of eosphagus and stomach - prevents materials from regurgitating from stomach into oesophagus
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25
Q

Stomach

  • where found in abdomen
  • what it does
  • chyme
  • 3 layers of muscle
A
  • Upper left quadrant of abdomen
  • Continues mechanical & chem digestion of bolus
    • bolus eventually processed into paste-like soup called Chyme (through enzymes & acids)
  • 3 layers of muscle to aid in mechanical processing of ingested materials
    • longitudinal, circular & oblique layers
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26
Q

Stomach (4 regions)

A
  • 4 regions;
    1. Cardia
    2. Fundus
    3. Body
    4. Pylorus
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27
Q

Stomach

  • inferior & superior border
  • rugae -> what they are & what they do
A
  • inferior border = greater curvature
  • superior border = inferior curvature
  • Internal surface is thrown into folds called gastric folds (rugae)
    • increases surface area (allows stomach to expand & disend)
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28
Q

Wall of the Stomach

  • cells
  • depressions (name & function)
A
  • Lined by simple columnar epithelium (even tho little absorption occurs in stomach)
  • Stomach lining is indented by numerous depressions called gastric pits (where substances secreted into)
29
Q

Gastric Pits

-4 layers

Gastric Secretion

A
  • Layers: Mucosa (epithelium & CT -lamina propria), submucosa (areolar packing tissue), Muscularis, serosa (outer layer - part of peritoneum)
  • Gastric secretion: along & at base of gastric pits - are the openings of gastric glands that secrete products into stomach
30
Q

Gastric Glands

-5 types of cells found within

A
  1. Surface mucous cells - secretes mucin (protective lining of stomach)
  2. Mucous neck cells - secretes acidic mucin
  3. Parietal cells - scretes hydrochloric acid & intrinsic factor (helps bind to vitamin B12 so it can be absorbed)
  4. Chief cells - secretes pepsinogen (precursor to pepsin - breaks down protein)
  5. Enteroendocrine cells - secretes gastrin (gets picked up by surrounding blood cells - acts on muscle layers)
31
Q

Small Intestine

  • what it does
  • length
A
  • is last part of chemical digestion & responsible for absorbing most of nutrients
  • ingested materials spend at lest 12 hours in small intestine
  • approx 6 meters long in unembalmed cadaver (shorter in living due to muscle tone)
32
Q

Small intestine

-3 segments

A
  1. Duodenum (10 inches)
  2. Jejunum (7.5 feet)
  3. Ileum (10.8 feet)
33
Q

Duodenum

  • shape & location
  • where bile & pancreatic secretions enter duodenum
A
  • C-shaped
  • upper right quadrant
  • becomes continuous w/ jejunum at duodenojejunal flexure
  • major duodenal pailla is site where bile & pancreatic secretions enter duodenum
  • phloric sphinctor moderates how much chyme enters duodenum
34
Q

Jejunum

  • what it is
  • features
A
  • Middle portion of small intestine
  • primary region for chem. digestion & nutrient absorption
  • tortous structure - goes back and forth and twists
35
Q

Ileum

-what it is & where it terminates

A
  • Last segment of small intestine

- distal end terminates at ileocecal valve (sphincter that controls entry of materials into large intestine)

36
Q

Histology of small intestine

-layers

A
  • Internally; mucosal & submucosal tunics thrown into folds called circular folds (plicae circularis)
  • villi = microscopic fingerlike projections seen on surface of circular folds
  • Microvilli = microscopic fingerlike projections seen on the surface of villi
  • Lots of layers to increase SA w/in small intestine to increase absorption
37
Q

Large Intestine

-features & function

A
  • forms 3 sided perimeter around centrally located small intestine
  • diameter is 6.5cm
  • absorbs fluids and ions and compacts undigestible wastes and solidifies them in faeces
    • also stores faeces until defecation
38
Q

Structures in Large Intestine (7)

A
  • Cecum
  • ascending colon
  • transverse colon
  • descending colon
  • sigmoid colon
  • rectum
  • anal canal
39
Q

Cecum

A
  • first part of large intestine
  • blind sac located in lower right quadrant of abdomen
  • Ileocecal valve represents junction between small & large intestine
40
Q

Ascending Colon

  • where originates
  • bend in colon (name)
A
  • Originates at ileocecal valve & ascends right side of abdomen
  • as approaches inferior border of liver, makes 90 degree turn toward left side of abdominal cavity
  • bend in colon called right colic flexure (hepatic flexure)
41
Q

Transverse Colon

  • where originates
  • bend in colon (name)
A
  • Originates at right colic flexure & approaches the spleen in upper left abdominal quadrant
  • Suspended by transverse mesocolon
  • makes 90 degree turn inferiorly at spleen - called left colic flexure (splenic flexure)
42
Q

Descending Colon

  • where originates
  • what makes contact w/ and where terminates
A
  • originates at left colic flexure
  • found along left side of abdomen
  • makes contact w/ iliac fossa & terminates into sigmoid colon
43
Q

Sigmoid Colon

  • shape
  • where terminates
A
  • Shape resembles letter S
  • Turns inferomedially & is suspended by sigmoid mesentery
  • terminates at rectum
44
Q

Rectum

  • what is it
  • rectal valves
  • where terminates
A
  • Muscular tube that readily expands to store accumulated faecal material prior to defecation
  • three thick, transverse folds of rectum (called rectal valves) ensure faecal material retained during passage of gas
  • terminates at anal canal
45
Q

Anal Canal

  • what it is
  • what it passes through
  • sphincters (2)
A
  • Terminal few centimeters of large intestine
  • passes through levator ani muscles of pelvic floor
  • anal columns line internal surface of anal canal
  • anal sinuses secrete mucin for lubrication during defecation
  • internal & external anal sphincters open & close anal canal during defecation
    - under parasympathetic & sympathetic control
46
Q

Histology of large intestine

A

-Lined w/ simple columnar epithelium and goblet cells

47
Q

Muscular Wall of large intestine

A
  • Longitudinal muscle is incomplete, forming bundles called teniae coli (helps move chyme along large intestine)
    • bunch into many sacs called haustra
  • extending off external surface of haustra are lobules of fat called omental appendices (aka epiploic appendages)
    - function of these unknown
48
Q

Peritoneum

-2 layers

A
  • Abdominopelvic cavity covered w/ moist serous membranes
    • parietal peritoneum: lines inside surface of body wall
    • visceral peritoneum: covers surface of internal organs
49
Q

Peritoneum

  • intraperitoneal organs
  • retroperitoneal organs

*e.g. of both

A
  • Intraperitoneal organs = organs that are completely surrounded by visceral peritoneum (include stomach & most of small intestines)
  • Retroperitoneal organs = organs that lie in direct contact w/ posterior abdominal & pelvic walls
    • only covered on their anterolateral surfaces w/ visceral peritoneum
      • e.g. pancreas, ascending & descending colon of large intestines & rectum
50
Q

Mesenteries

  • what they do
  • what are sandwiched between them
A

q-Folds of peritoneum that support and stabilize intraperitoneal GI tract organs
-blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves sandwiched between 2 folds & supply digestive organs

51
Q

Mesenteries

  • Greater & lesser omentum
  • Mesentery proper
  • Mesocolon
A
  • Greater omentum: extends inferiorly like apron from greater curvature of stomach & covers most of abdominal organs
  • Lesser omentum: connects lesser curvature of stomach & proximal end of duodenum to liver
  • Mesentery proper: suspends most of small intestines from posterior abdominal wall (acts as anchor)
  • Mesocolon: Peritoneal fold that attaches parts of large intestine to psoterior abdominal wall
52
Q

Wall of abdominal GI tract (deep to superficial)

A
  • Mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscularis
  • adventitia or serosa
53
Q

Wall of abdominal GI tract; Mucosa

-3 layers

A
  • 3 components to this deepest layer;
    1. Superficial epithelium
    2. Underlying areolar CT called lamina propria
    3. Thin layer of smooth muscle, called muscularis mucosae
54
Q

Wall of abdominal GI tract; Submucosa (4 components)

A
  • Lymphatic ducts
  • Mucin-secreting glands
  • Blood vessels
  • nerves
55
Q

Wall of abdominal GI tract; Muscularis

  • 2 layers of smooth muscles
    • 2 exceptions
A

-2 layers of smooth muscles;
1. Inner circular layer - constricts lumen & forms sphincters
2. Outer longitudinal layer: shorten the tube
*together allow movement of chyme
Two exceptions;
-oesophagus has mix of both smooth & skeletal muscle
-stomach contains 3 layers of smooth muscle

56
Q

Wall of abdominal GI tract; Adventitia or serosa

A
  • Outermost layer

- Areolar CT w/ collagen & elastin fibres

57
Q

Blood flow through Gastrointestinal tract

-3 unpaired arteries

A
  • 3 unpaired arteries emerge from anterior wall of descending abdominal aorta (are responsible for supplying organs of GI tract)
    1. Celiac trunk (stomach, liver & spleen)
    2. Superior Mesenteric artery (small intestine, pancrease & right colon)
    3. Inferior mesenteric artery (left colon)
58
Q

Venous return from abdomen

A
  • Hepatic portal system is network of veins that drains blood from GI organs and shunts blood to liver
  • Hepatic portal vein delivers nutrient-rich blood to liver
    • formed by fusion of three abdominal veins (Inferior mesenteric vain (distal parts of colon), splenic vein (draining spleen, pancrease & stomach), superior mesenteric vein (small intestine, proximal part of colon, pancrease & stomach)

*hepatic vein collects blood from liver & returns to inferior vena cava

59
Q

Lymphatic Vessels & structures

A
  • Lacteals are present in villi or small intestines
  • lymph ducts transport lymph to cisterna chyli (drains into thracic duct)
  • lymphtic structures called MALT (mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue) found in small intestine & appendix
    - these aggregate nodules called peyer patches
60
Q

Accessory Digestive Organs

A
  • not part of long GI tube; often develop as outgrowths of that tube
  • teeth
  • tongue
  • salivary glands
  • liver
  • gall bladder
  • pancrease
61
Q

Liver

  • location
  • 4 lobes
A
  • Located in right quadrant of abdomen
  • weighs 1-2kg
  • covered in a CT capsule & visceral peritoneum
  • 4 lobes;
    • right lobe
    • left lobe
    • caudate lobe
    • quadrate lobe
62
Q

Liver

-structures that make up shape of letter H

A
  • Along inferior surface of liver, several structures make shape of letter H;
    1. Inferior vena cava & ligamentum venous (remnant of fetal circulation) form inferior vertical parts
    2. Gall bladder & round ligament form superior vertical parts
    3. Porta hepatis represents horizontal crossbar; where blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, bile ducts & nerves enter and leave liver
63
Q

Gall Bladder

  • location
  • function
  • cystic duct
A
  • Embedded on inferior surface of liver
  • functions to collect & concentrate bile
  • cystic duct connects gall bladder to common bile duct
64
Q

Pancreas -functions

A
  • Has both endocrine & exocrine functions
  • exocrine functions; involve secreting digestive enzymes & bicarbonate (collectively called pancreatic juices) into duodenum via pancreatic duct into duodenum
65
Q

Biliary Apparatus

  • what it is
  • function
A
  • Network of thin ducts that transport bile from liver and gall bladder to duodenum
  • Function of gall bladder is storage (not production) of bile
66
Q

Biliary Apparatus

-what things merge to form

A
  • left & right lobes of liver drain bile into left & right hepatic ducts
    • merge to form the common hepatic duct
  • cystic duct & common hepatic duct merge to form common bile duct
    • common hepatic duct and main pancreatic duct enter duodenum through hepatopancreatic ampulla
67
Q

Phases of swallowing

  • what it is also called
  • 3 phases
A 
-Delutition - swallowing
3 phases;
-voluntary phase
-pharyngeal phase
-oesophageal phase
68
Q

Phases of swallowing - detail

A
  • Voluntary phase: Bolus of food pushed by tongue against hard palate and moved to oreophaynx
  • Pharyngeal phase (involuntary): as bolus moves into oseopharynx, soft palate and uvula close off nasopharynx, and larynx elevates so epiglottis closes over laryneal opening
  • esophageal phase (involuntary): contractions of esophageal muscle push bolus toward stomach; soft palate, uvula and larynx return to their pre-swalling positions
69
Q

Peristalsis & segmentation

A

*propulsion of food along GI tube involves 2 types of movement:
-peristalsis
-segmentation
Peristalsis: ripple-like wave of muscular contraction that forces material to move further along GI tract
Segmetation: churning & mixing of material helping to disperse material and mix it and combine it with digestive organ secretions

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