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BMS101 > Lymphatic and Immune System > Flashcards

Lymphatic and Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

4 Functions of the Lymphatic system

A
  1. Maintenance of blood volume in cardiovascular system
  2. Filtration of foreign material to defend against infection
  3. Development/maturation of lymphocytes
  4. Initiation of specific immune responses
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2
Q

4 basic components of Lymphatic system

A
  1. lymph (fluid)
  2. Lymphatic vessels
  3. Lymphatic cells
  4. Lymphatic organs
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3
Q

What do Lymphatic vessels do?

A

-transport interstitial fluid (Lymph) from the tissues back into the blood

  • Due to nature of blood and the blood system, we lose approx 3-4 L fluid per day (if not returned we’ll die)
    - liquid leaks into tissue between capillaries (needs to as that’s how O2 and nutrients get to cells)
  • lymphatic system is involved in returning this fluid - and lymphatic vessels important
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4
Q

Components of lymph (5)

-colour if healthy

A

Comprised of;

  • interstitial fluid
  • solutes (i.e. salt, sugar -> anything not dissolved by cells)
  • lipids
  • foreign material
  • immune cells

*Is clear if healthy

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5
Q

Lymphatic capillaries - what they do & where they are

-how they’re structured

A
  • Allow interstitial fluid to drain back into circulation
  • surround capillary beds (capillaries allow fluids, nutrients, proteins and even cells to pass into tissues)
  • are soft, have openings so that fluid can flow through passively (is NO pump)
    • structured so that liquid will flow into capillaries in one direction
      - have little valves
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6
Q

How does Lymph move?

-negative implications

A
  • muscles, movement, gravity etc stimulates the valves to open and close, thus moving the lymph.
  • if in coma & can’t move, start getting lymphatic & blood volume problems because of this
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7
Q

Lymph Nodes - what they do, what they are

A
  • Is where lymphatic vessels drain into
  • are filtration systems -> are packed full of lymphocytes

*critical as body needs to ensure it isn’t allowing anything that shouldnt be in the body back into the blood stream

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8
Q

Lymph Nodes -> structure

-size

A
  • Has blood flow coming in and out (artery and vein) as well as afferent lymphatic vessels and a single lymph vessel (that leaves)
    • more than one entry but only one exit
  • lymph vessel that exits is going to thoracic duct
  • usually greater than 1 cm in size
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9
Q

Extra role of lymphatic vessels in lower GI tract

-chyle

A
  • Allows for transport of lipids
  • Lipids are large and insoluble
  • are a classic source of energy, but hard to get into bloodstream -> lymphatic system helps get them in
  • Lymph containing lipids = chyle (is yellow)
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10
Q

What lymphatic vessels collect into (2)

A
  • lymphatic vessels collect into lymphatic trunks
  • trunks eventually merge to form 2 ducts;
    1. Right lymphatic duct
    2. Thoracic duct (drains 3/4 of lymph in body
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11
Q

What lymphatic ducts do

A
  • joins lymphatic and cardiovascular systems together

- Ducts run right alongside blood, allows lymph to fall back into blood withOUT pressure

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12
Q

When things go wrong in lymphatic system

A
  • Blockage or disruption of lymphatic vessels or flow leads to fluid build up = lymphoedema
  • Damage to thoracic duct or trunks can lead to build up of chyle in lungs = chylothorax
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13
Q

Antigens - what is it

-what triggers immune reaction

A
  • Antigens = antibody generating substances (activates immune system)
    • foreign substances (aka antigens) that enter the body trigger an immune reaction
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14
Q

Role of lymph nodes and antigens

  • 2 ways antigens get to lymph node
  • dendritic cells (what do they do)
A

-Lymph nodes trap antigens coming from tissues

  • dendritic cells (are in every tissue in the body) are special immune cells in the tissue that also CAPTURE antigens to take to lymph nodes
    • long process capture antigens, internalise it and transport it to lymph node
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15
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • are immune cells that live in lymph nodes
  • are the key to adaptive immunity
  • enter lymph nodes from the blood
  • antigens enter from the tissue

-Lymph nodes therefore bring antigens and lymphocytes together (to accelerate immune response)

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16
Q

Lymph organs

-2 types

A

-Contain large number of lymphocytes in a framework of non-lymphoid cells
2 types;
1. Primary lymphoid organs: bone marrow and thymus (is where lymphocytes develop -> bone marrow = B cells; thymus = T cells)
2. Secondary Lymphoid organs: lymph nodes and spleen (lymphocyte responses)

17
Q

2 main types of lymphocytes in body

-where found in lymph nodes

A
  1. T Cells: cell mediated immunity: help other cells
  2. B cells: antibody mediated immunity: make antibodies

*within lymph node, T cells are on the inside and B cells are on the outside

18
Q

Spleen

A
  • filters antigens from blood
  • if something invades bloodstream, there are no lymph nodes there to filter
    • spleen is like a giant lymph node that filters blood (same structure as lymph node but no vessels

*if spleen ruptures/lost become more prone to blood infections

19
Q

Cardiovascular system vs Lymphatic system

  • Fluids transported
  • major vessel types
  • mode of transport
  • sites of filtration
  • major point of intersection (vessels)
A

Cardio - Lymph

Blood; Lymph
Capillaries, veins, arteries; lymph vessels & lymph trunks
Pressure from heart; passive - gravity and muscle movement
spleen; lymph node
Thoracic duct; vein in chest

20
Q

Immune system of all vertebrates made up of (2 systems)

A
  1. Innate Immune system (inborn defense mechanism) - found in all classes of animals
  2. Adaptive immune system (Acquired immune defenses) - are unique to vertebrates and generated during lifetime of an individual
21
Q

3 components of immune system

A
  • Specialised immune cells (that do things)
  • Specialized receptors and defense molecules
  • Specialised immune organs/tissues
22
Q

Level of protection and lines of defense

A
  • First line = barriers and defense molecules (offers lowest level)
  • Second line = phagocytosis and inflammation
  • 3rd line = activation of T cells and B cell responses (this is adaptive immunity that offers highest level of protection and memory)

*innate immunity works first, then adaptive

23
Q

Innate vs Adaptive

A

Innate:
-Include phagocytes and granulocytes
-many types of recognition receptors on each cell
-inherit genes from mother and father
-present from birth
-mainly recognise microbial molecules (non-self)
Adaptive:
-comprise of lymphocytes
-one type or recognition receptor on each cell
-receptors assemble from multiple gene fragments
-formed after birth
-Recognise ALL antigens (self and non-self)

24
Q

What happens to lymphocytes once made

Naive T & B cells

A
  • Released and circulate in bloodstream
  • For majority of cells - nothing happens

Naive T & B cells = lymphocytes that never seen an antigen

25
Q

B Cells - what they do

-antibody binging

A
  • B Cell receptor promiscuous ->sticks to things directly
    • once it sticks, it activates then divides, pumping out same cells
  • It will start secreting its B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) as an antibody once it is activated by an antigen
  • B cells are the antigen making factories
  • antibody binding: just bind and tag antigens. If binds to a toxin, it sticks to it and neutralises it
26
Q

T Cells - what they do

A
  • Not as promiscuous as B cells -> need another cell to show it where antigen is
    • T cell antigen receptor (TCR) is related to immunoglobulin but evolved separately
  • TCR can only recognise an antigen when it is presented as a peptide in a special molecule found on antigen-presenting cells
    • antigen presenting cells = dendrite

*only right T cell will respond once dendritic cell shows it a peptide

27
Q

2 main types of T cells

A
  1. Helpers
  2. Killers
  • either help or ill infected cells in tissue
  • overall they provide cell-mediated immunity
28
Q

Interaction between T cells and Dendritic cells

A
  • Dendritic cells constantly moving around through body
    • once it has acquired an antigen, it takes it to the lymph node and shows T cell
    • T cells are constantly sending out signals to dendritic cells as to where lymph node is -> dendritic cells only recognise signal once it has an antigen
29
Q

T cell response to receiving a peptide of an antigen

A
  • When the right T cell fits with the antigen, it proliferates (which is the response)
    • swollen lymph node can sometimes occur as lymphocyte division cause the lymph node to swell.

-Unlike B cells, T cells can’t secrete receptor - they therefore go to the tissue to help fight and kill infected cells

30
Q

Adaptive immune response - memory

A
  • Specificity, diversity and memory are all properties of adaptive immune response
  • first time immune system exposed to antigen, primary response takes a while to build up
    • after infection, most of T cells and B cells die off, but slightly more than what began with is left
    • these are the memory B & T cells
  • second infection with same antigen = much faster and quicker immune response because there are more cells that have right receptors to that antigen

BMS101 (30 decks)

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