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BMS101 > The Brain > Flashcards

The Brain Flashcards

1
Q

Human Brain size

  • weight
  • 2 directional terms
A

-Weight; 1.35-1.4kg
Directional terms: Rostral (toward nose)
-Caudal (toward tail)

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2
Q

4 major regions of human brain

A
  1. Cerebrum
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata)
  4. Cerebellum
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3
Q

Organisation of Neural Tissue areas in brain (2)

A
  1. Gray Matter
    • houses motor neuron & interneuron cell bodies, dendrites, telodendria, unmyelinated axons
    • forms cortex which overs surface of most of adult brain
    • forms discrete internal clusters called cerebral nuclei
  2. White matter:
    • made up of myelinated axons
    • lies deep to gray matter of the cortex
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4
Q

Support & Protection of brain

  • 4 roles of Cranial meninges
  • 3 layers
A
  • Cranial Meninges are CT layers that;
    • separate soft tissue of brain from bones of cranium
    • enclose & protect blood vessels that supply brain
    • contain & circulate cerebrospinal fluid
    • form some of veins that drain blood from brain

Layers; dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

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5
Q

Cranial meninges; layers (3)

A
  1. Dura Mater
    - External tough dense irregular CT
    - 2 layers of fibrous layers which separate to form large blood fills spaces (DURAL VENOUS SINUSES - is where deoxygenated blood leaves) connects to jugular vein to drain blood from the head
  2. Arachnoid Mater
    - spider web structure - collagen & elastic fibres
    - subarachnoid space between AM and PM
    - potential space between AM & DM = subdural space where subdural hematomas form
  3. Pia Mater
    - innermost cranial meningeal layer
    - Thin areolar tissue, highly vascularised and adheres to the brain
    - directly in contact w/ brain -> follows grooves
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6
Q

Brain Ventricles

A

-Ventricles = cavities or expansions w/in brain that are continuous w/ one another & central canal of spinal cord
-all contain cerebral spinal fluid
Are 4 ventricles;
-2 lateral ventricles, one in each hemispheres of cerebrum (separated by thin septum pellucidum)
-third ventricle in diencephalon
-fourth ventricle b/w pons and cerebellum

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7
Q

Cranial Dural Septa

A

-Dural mater creates divisions w/in brain -> creates different divisions

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8
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

  • what it is
  • 3 functions
A

-is a clear, colourless liquid that circulates in the ventricles & subarachnoid space
FUNCTIONS
-Buoyancy: takes 95% of brain’s weight (brain floats in CSF)
-Protection: provides liquid cushion from sudden movements
-Environmental stability: transports nutrients & removes waste from brain (involved in homeostatic properties)

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9
Q

Blood-Brain Barrier

  • what it does
  • cells that contribute to BBB
  • 3 locations where it is missing or reduced & why
A

-strictly regulates what substances can enter the interstitial fluids of brain
-Capillary endothelial cells and astrocyte perivascular feet contribute to BBB
Missing or reduced in 3 locations;
-Choroid plexus
-Hypothalamus
-pineal gland

  • Choroid plexus - must be permeable to produce CSF
  • other 2 = produce hormones that must have ready access to bloodstream
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10
Q

Cerebrum

-what it does

A
  • is location of conscious thought processes & origin of intellectual functions
  • large no. of neurons that needed for complex analytical & integrative functions
  • left & right hemispheres
  • largest part of brain
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11
Q

Cerebrum

  • what formed from
  • outer layer & internal layer (what matter)
  • cerebral nuclei
  • gyri and sulci and fissures
A
  • Formed from telencephalon
  • outer layer = cerebral cortex & is gray matter
    • internal layer = white matter
  • cerebral nuclei = deep to white matter are discrete regions of gray matter
  • surface of cerebrum folds into elevated ridges called gyri (contours of brain)
  • Adjacent gyri separated by shallow sulci or deeper grooves called fissures
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12
Q

Cerebral Hemispheres

  • how many & how separated
  • Corpus callosum
A
  • cerebrum composed of 2 halves (left & right cerebral hemispheres)
    • divided by a longitudinal fissure along midsaggital plane
  • hemispheres separated from each other except at few locations where bundles of axons called tracts form white matter regions that allow comm. b/w them
  • Corpus Callosum: largest tract & main tract that connects the two hemispheres
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13
Q

Lobes of Cerebrum (5 distinct lobes)

A
  1. Frontal lobe: concentration, communication & personality
  2. Parietal lobe: sensor, texture and shape
  3. Temporal lobe: hearing and smell
  4. Occipital lobe: processing visual information and visual memories
  5. Insula: memory and taste
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14
Q

Frontal lobe (Cerebrum)

  • location
  • boundaries
  • precentral gyrus
  • what involved in
A
  • Located deep to frontal bone
  • ends posteriorly at central sulcus - inferior border marked by lateral sulcus
  • Precentral gyrus is mass of nervous tissue in frontal lobe immediately anterior to central sulcus
  • involved w/ voluntary motor function, conc., verbal comm, decision making, planning & personality
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15
Q

Parietal Lobe (Cerebrum)

  • Where it is
  • boundaries
  • what involved with
A
  • Forms superoposterior part of each hemisphere (underlies parietal bone)
  • Terminates anteriorly at central sulcus, laterally at lateral sulcus & posteriorly at parietao-occipital sulcus
  • postcentral gyrus is mass of nervous tissue in parietal lobe immediately posterior to central sulcus

*involved w/ general sensory functions

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16
Q

Temporal lobe (Cerebrum)

  • where located
  • what involved in
A
  • Located inferior to lateral sulcus underlying temporal bone
  • Involved w/ hearing and smell
17
Q

Occipital lobe (Cerebrum)

  • where located
  • what it does
A
  • Located in posterior region of each hemisphere underlying occipital bone
  • Processes incoming visual information
  • Stores visual memories
18
Q

Insula (Cerebrum)

  • where located
  • what involved in
A
  • located deep to lateral sulcus

- involved in memory & interpretation of taste

19
Q

Functional areas of cerebrum (3 areas)

-what they do

A
  1. Motor areas: control voluntary motor functions
  2. Sensory areas: provide conscious awareness of sensation
  3. Association areas: integrate and store information
20
Q

Motor Areas (3)

A
  1. Primary Motor Cortex (somatic motor area)
    - controls voluntary skeletal muscle activity; located within precentral gyrus (anterior to central sulcus)
  2. Motor speech area (Broca’s area)
    - controls muscular movements necessary for vocalization
  3. Frontal eye field
    - controls and regulates eye movements and binocular vision
21
Q

Diencephalon - 3 components

-what they do

A

-Components include;
Epithalamus: pineal gland involved in circadian rhythms
Thalamus: filters background info before relaying it to cerebrum
Hypothalamus: controls ANS & endocrine system; regulates body temp, emotional behaviour, food intake, water intake & sleep

22
Q

Functions of Hypothalamus (7)

A
  • Master control of ANS
  • Master control of endocrine system
  • Regulation of body temp
  • Control of emotional behaviour
  • control of food intake
  • control of water intake
  • regulation of sleep-wake (circardian) rhythms
23
Q

Brainstem

-what it does

A
  • connects forebrain & cerebellum to spinal cord
  • is bidirectional passageway for all tracts extending between cerebrum & spinal cord
  • Contains many autonomic centers and refex centers
  • houses nuclei of many of cranial nerves
24
Q

Brainstem: 3 regions

A
  1. Mesencephaon: mid brain
  2. Pons: Sensory & motor tracts connect brain to spinal cord
  3. Medulla Oblongata: vital autonomic nuclei for regulating functions relating to;
    • cardiac centre (heart rate)
    • vasomotor centre (blood pressure)
    • respiratory centre (respiratory rate)
    • others (coughing, sneezing, swallowing, gagging)
25
Q

Cerebellum

-folia

A
  • 2nd largest part of brain
  • has complex, highly convoluted surface covered by layer of cerebellar cortex w/ folds called folia
  • left and right cerebellar hemispheres
    • each hemisphere = 2 lobes (anterior & posterior - separated by primary fissure)
26
Q

Cerebellum - 3 regions

A
  1. An outer gray matter layer of cortex
  2. Internal region of white matter, called arbor vitae
  3. Cerebellar nuclei in deepest layer
27
Q

Cerebellar Functions - 3

A
  • Coordinates and fine-tunes skeletal muscle movements and ensures that skeletal muscle contraction follows correct pattern leading to smooth, coordinated movement
  • stores memories of previously learned movement patterns
  • receives proprioceptive info from muscles and joints - uses this info to regulate body’s position
28
Q

Limbic system

  • structure
  • what it affects
A
  • structures of limbic system form a ring around diencephalon
  • composed of multiple cerebral and diencephalic structures that collectively process and experience emotions
  • affects memory formation through integration of past memories of physical sensations w/ emotional states
29
Q

Cranial nerves

A
  • 12 pairs
  • numbered w/ roman numerals by their position (beginning w/ most anteriorly placed nerve)
  • names generally related to function

BMS101 (30 decks)

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