Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BMS101 > Reproductive system > Flashcards

Reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

Determination of Sex (2)

A

Most vertebrates have two genders;

  • Genetically-determined (mammals Xy = males; XX = females)
  • Environmentally determined (such as in reptiles & amphibians)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define;-

  • gonads (what called in males & females)
  • Gametes
  • function of ducts
A
  • Gonads: Primary sex organs (also produce lots of sex hormones)
    • ovaries in females
    • testes in male
  • Gametes: sex cells produced by gonads
    • oocytes =female
    • sperm = male
  • Functions of ducts: to transport gametes to site of fertilisation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Reproductive System Homologue

  • Ovaries
  • clitoris
  • Labia majora
  • Vestibular glands
A
  • Ovaries & Testes: produce games and sex hormones
  • Clitoris & glans of penis: contain autonomic nervous system that stimulate feelings of arousal and sexual climax
  • Labia majora & scrotum: protect and cover some reporductive structures
  • vestibular glands & bulbourethral glands: screte mucin for lubrication
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Functions of female reproductive organs (5)

A
  • Produce ovum
  • Facilitate transport of sperm to site of fertilisation
  • provide sanctuary and nourishment for developing embryo
  • Provide passage for birth
  • Provide nourishment for young
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Female reproductive organs:

  • primary
  • accessory organs (5)
A
  • Primary organs: Ovaries
  • Accessory organs;-
    • Uterine tubes
    • Uterus
    • Vagina
    • Clitoris
    • Mammary glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Ovaries

-How anchored to pelvic cavity

A

-Are paired, oval organs, slightly larger than an almond

-Anchored within pelvic cavity by;
mesocarium
broad ligament
ovarian ligament
suspensory ligament
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Structure of Ovary

A
  • Surrounded by connective tissue capsule called tunica albuginea
  • Divided to outer cortex & inner medulla
    • cortex contains ovarian follicles
    • medullar contains CT, blood vessels, lymph vessels & nerves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ovarian follicles

A
  • Thousands of ovarian follicles in cortex of ovary
  • Consist of an oocyte surrounded by follicle cells
  • Several types of ovarian follicles, each representing different stage of development
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Stages of Ovarian follicle maturation

A
  1. Primordial follicle
  2. Primary follicle
  3. Secondary follicle
  4. Mature follicle

*When mature follicle ruptures and expels its oocyte, the remnants in ovary turn yellowish structure = Corpus tuteam -secretes sex hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Uterine Tube (4 continuous regions)

A
  1. Infundibulum: lateral opening of tube encircled by fingerlike projections
  2. Ampulla: expanded region medial to infundibulum where fertilisation typically occurs
  3. Isthmus: just medial to ampulla - approx. 1/3 of entire length
  4. Uterine part: continuous w/ uterus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

3 layers of the walls of the uterine tubes

A
  1. Mucosa: Ciliated columnar epithelial cells
  2. Muscularis: inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle
  3. Serosa: external serous membrane covering uterine tube
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Ectopic implantation

A

-Where egg embeds in an abnormal site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Uterus

  • position
  • anteverted and retroverted
A
  • pear shaped, thick-walled muscular organ w/in pelvic cavity
  • Has lumen that is continuous w/ uterine tubes
  • angled anterosuperiorly across superior surface of urinary bladder (ANTEVERTED)
    • is positioned projecting towards rectum = retroverted
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Functions of uterus

A
  1. Site of implantation
  2. Supports and protects developing embryo/fetus
  3. Ejects fetus during labour
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

4 regions of uterus

-Muscular wall, external serous membrane & internal vascular epithelium

A
  1. Fundus (upper part)
  2. Body
  3. Isthmus
  4. Cervix

Muscular wall = myometrium

  • external serous membrane
  • internal vascular epithelium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Blood supply to uterus

A

-Uterine arteries: branches from internal iliac arteries that supply the uterus

17
Q

Vagina - features

  • vulva - 2 types
  • Vestible - what it houses
A

-A fibromuscular tube approx. 10cm in length
-connects uterus to outside of body
-Vaginal orifice: Opening of vagina
Vulva: External genitalia
-labia majora: paired, thickened folds of skin, covered w/ hair, possessing sebaceous and sweat glands
-labia minora: paired folds medial to labia majora, devoid of hair, highly vascularised w/ numerous melanocytes

Vestible: space between labia minora
-houses urethral opening and vaginal opening

18
Q

Mammary Glands -what they are

-divisions

A

aka breast

  • Composed of tubulaoalveolar exocrine gland
  • secretory product (aka milk) contains proteins, fats and sugar
  • subdivided into lobes, further divided into lobules
    • lobules contain secretory units called aveoli (what produces milk)
19
Q

What determines maleness?

A
  • SIngle gene (SRY) on Y chromosome changes pattern of dvelopment in fetal gonad to that of a testis
  • absence leads to XY female phenotype
20
Q

Androgen insensitivity syndrom

A
  • tissues of reproductive organ system not responding, female characteristics develop, although male genetically
    • usually not diagnosed until puberty
21
Q

Organs of male reproductive system

  • Primary
  • Accessory
A

Primary: testes

Accessory organs: ducts and tubles, penis

22
Q

Scrotum

-muscle

A
  • skin covered sac - provides testes w/ cooler environ (optimum temp is 3 degrees lower than body temp)
  • dartos muscle layer of smooth muscle that is part of wall of scrotum - brings testes closer in cold, lowers them when hot
23
Q

Spermatic cord

  • where originates
  • Components (4)
A

-Originates at inguinal canal
-enclosed w/in pocket of periotenium
Consists of;-
-Testicular artery (branch off the abdominal aorta
-Pampiniform plexus (network of veins surrounding testicular atery)
-Cremaster muscle & fascia: formed from muscle fiber extensions of internal oblique muscle
-Autonomic nerves: travel w/ plexus and connect to testes (involved in regulation)

24
Q

Functions of Testes (2)

A
  1. Produce sperm

2. Hormone production

25
Q

Testes

A
  • Ovoid in structure, approx. 4 cm long
  • Tunica albuginea projects internally into the testes to form septa
  • septa subdivide to form about 250 lobules
    • each lobule contains four convoluted seminiferous tubules (in each)
26
Q

Seminiferous Tubules - 2 types of cells

A
  • Conatin 2 types of cells;
    1. Sustentacular cells: nondividing support cells that assist w/ sperm development; connected to each other by tight junctions and form blood-testis barrier (so blood doesnt come in direct contact w/ sperm)
    2. Population of dividing germ cells that continuously produce sperm - begins at puberty
27
Q

Spermatogenesis & Spermiogenesis

A
  • Most of maturation of sperm occurs in epididimus
  • get rid of anything they don’t need
  • Midpiece contains lots of mitochondria (as well as centriole)
  • Tail forms from microtubules
  • acrosome cap - contains digestive enzymes that are needed for fertilisation
28
Q

Ducts in Male reproductive system (6)

A
  • Rete testis
  • Efferent ductules
  • Epididymus
  • Ductus deferens
  • Ejaculatory duct
  • Urethra
29
Q

Epidiymis

  • 3 parts
  • function
A

-Situated on the posterosuperior surface of the testes
3 regions;
1. Head
2. Body
3. Tail
Internally, contains long convoluted duct of epidiymis - stores sperm and serves in the maturation process of sperm

30
Q

Ductus Deferens

A
  • Sperm leaving epidiymis enter the ductus deferens (vas deferens)
  • Tube travels w/in spermatic cord and enters pelvic cavity through inguinal canal
31
Q

Urethra

A

-Transports semen from both ejaculatory ducts to the outside of body
-transports urine from bladder to outside of body
3 portions:
1. Prostatic urethra
2. Membranous urethra
3. Spongy urethra

32
Q

Accessory Glands -3 glands

-what 3 glands do

A

-Three glands that secrete fluids to mix w/ sperm to create seminal fluid
-nourish sperm & help neutralize acidity of vagina
3 glands:
1. Seminal vesicles: nourishment
2. Prostate gland: produces nourishment & mucous
3. Bulbourethral glands: secretions before ejaculation to clean out urethra

33
Q

Seminal vesicles - what it secretes

Prostrate secretion

Bulbourethral glands

A

Seminal vesicles: secrete viscous, whitish-yellow, alkaline fluid containing fructose (ENERGY) and prostaglandis (TYPE OF HORMONE - stimulates cervix to relax)

  • prostrate secretion: slightly acidic & contains mucin, citric acid and antibacterial agents
  • Bulbourethral glands: secrete mucin into spongy urethra at base of penis - flushes before ejaculation
34
Q

Semen - what is it

A
  • Seminal fluid from 3 accessory glands combines w/ sperm to make up semen
    • when released during ejaculation = ejaculate
  • usu. 3-5ml, contains 200-500 million sperm
35
Q

Penis

A
  • Penis & scrotum form external genitalia in males
  • Internally, attached portion = root of penis
  • Body (shaft) is elongated portion
  • Tip of penis = glans (slightly bulbous in shape) - surrounds external urethral orifice

-Lots of spaces w/in spongy tissue to allow structure to become rigid

36
Q

Penis

A
  • Penis & scrotum form external genitalia in males
  • Internally, attached portion = root of penis
  • Body (shaft) is elongated portion
  • Tip of penis = glans (slightly bulbous in shape) - surrounds external urethral orifice

-Lots of spaces w/in spongy tissue to allow structure to become rigid

37
Q

Erectile bodies w/in penis (3)

A
  • Are parallel, cylindrical erectile bodies;
    1. Paired Copora cavernosa - located dorsolaterally & terminate at distal shaft of penis
    2. Single copus spongiosum: inferior and midline that surrounds spongy urethra
    3. Distal end of corpus spongiosum continues w/in glans
38
Q

Erection and Ejaculation

A
  • Erectile bodies composed of venous spaces - fill w/ blood from a central artery to produce an erection
  • Parasympathetic nervation responsible for penile erection
  • Ejaculation: expelling of semen from the penis by rhythmic contraction of the smooth muscle of the urethra (causes ejaculation - also from pelvic muscles)
  • Sympathetic innervation promotes ejaculation

BMS101 (30 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions