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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > The Heart > Flashcards

The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What does the fiberous pericardium do?

A

secured heart in place

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2
Q

What are the two layers of the serous pericardium?

A

Viseral and parietal pericardiums

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3
Q

What layer of the serous pericardium connects with the thoracic cavity?

A

Parietal pericardium

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4
Q

What is the layer of the serious pericardium which touches the heart?

A

Viseral pericardium

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5
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

Middle and thickest layer composed of cardiac muscle and reenforced by dense irregular connective tissue

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6
Q

What is endocardium?

A

Inner lining of the heart, covers heart valves and is contiguous with the inner lining of vessels

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7
Q

What circuit does the right side of the heart pump to?

A

pulmonary

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8
Q

What circuit does the left side of the heart pump to?

A

systemic circuit

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9
Q

What is the flow of blood in the right side of the heart?

A

IVC/SVC -> Right atrium ->AV valve ->Right ventricle -> pulmonary semilunar valve -> pulmonary trunk ->Right and left pulmonary arteries -> lungs

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10
Q

What is the flow of blood on the left side of the heart?

A

Lungs -> Left/right pulmonary veins -> Left atrium -> Left AV Valve -> Left ventricle -> Aortic Semilunar valve -> Aorta -> systemic circuit

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11
Q

What is the foramen ovale?

A

hole between intraatrial septum during fetal life

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12
Q

What is the fossa Ovalis?

A

Foramen ovale hole once it closes after birth and is a small depression in intratrial septum

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13
Q

What is the Ductus Arteriosus?

A

Shunt between pulmonary artery and aorta during fetal development

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14
Q

Ligaments arteriousum is?

A

What the ductus Arteriosus is called after it closes post birth

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15
Q

What are 5 characteristics of cardiac muscle?

A 
Intercalated disks 
Striated 
uninucleated 
branch shaped
involuntary control
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16
Q

What is the apex of the heart?

A

pointed inferior end of heart

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17
Q

What is the base of the heart?

A

where the great vessels emerge

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18
Q

How does blood flow?

A

From an area of higher pressure to an area of low pressue

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19
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart?

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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20
Q

What allows more blood to flow through heart?

A

Auricles

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21
Q

What is located on the posterior side of heart and collects deoxygenated blood from the various cardiac veins?

A

The coronary sinus

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22
Q

What branch off the aorta and supple blood to the heart?

A

The right and left coronary arteries

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23
Q

What does deoxygenated blood do in the coronary sinus?

A

dumps directly into the left atrium from the coronary sinus

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24
Q

What takes blood AWAY from the heart?

A

Artieries

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25
Q

Sulcus is a?

A

shallow groove in tissue

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26
Q

What is a fissure?

A

A deep groove

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27
Q

What anchors the atrioventricular valves to papillary muscles?
Hint-Called heart strings

A

chordae tendinae

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28
Q

The heart makes two distinct sounds called S1 and S2, what is occurring during these phases?

A

S1-AV valves closing

S2-Semilunar valves closing

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29
Q

The ventricles are contracting during which stage?

A

S1

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30
Q

The ventricles are relaxing during which stage?

A

S2

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31
Q

What does systole mean?

A

contracting

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32
Q

What does diastole mean?

A

relaxing

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33
Q

What are the functions of the heart?

A

Generating blood pressure, Routing blood, Regulating blood supply

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34
Q

The flow of blood from the heart through the lungs back to the heart is?

A

Pulmonary circulation

35
Q

The flow of blood from the heart through the body back to the heart?

A

systemic circulation

36
Q

What protects the heart?

A

the sternum

37
Q

Veins entering the right atrium of the heart carry blood to the heart from what?

A

systemic circulation

38
Q

Veins entering the left atrium of the heart carry blood to the heart from what?

A

pulmonary circulation

39
Q

What lie between the atria and the ventricles?

A

Atrioventricular valves

40
Q

What do AV valves do?

A

prevent back flow into atria when heart contracts

41
Q

What anchors AV valves to papillary muscles?

A

Chordea tendinease

42
Q

What is the name of the AV valve on right side of heart?

A

Tricuspid valve

43
Q

What is the name of the AV valve on the left side of heart?

A

Bicuspid valve

44
Q

What are the ridges in the ventricles?

A

trabeculae carnea

45
Q

What is the flow of blood through the heart?

A

Blood flows through the right atrium into the right ventricle and then to the lungs, then returns from the lungs to the left atrium, enters left ventricle and is pumped back to the body

46
Q

How does blood return from heart tissues to the right atrium

A

through the coronary sinus and cardiac veins

47
Q

What does Ca2+ do in regards to the heart?

A

Normal contraction depends on this

Prolongs absolute refractory period

48
Q

What is the pacemaker of the heart?

A

the sino atrial node

49
Q

What is intrinsic conduction system?

A

Sinoatrial node->atrioventricular node->bundle of his->bundle branches->Purkinje Fibers

50
Q

The arium depolorizing represents what on an ekg?

A

P wave

51
Q

The p wave represents what?

A

atrium depolarization

52
Q

What represents ventricle depolarization?

A

ventricle depolorization

53
Q

What does the QRS represent?

A

ventricle depolarization

54
Q

What represents ventricle reploarization?

A

T Wave

55
Q

What does the T wave represent?

A

ventricle repolarization

56
Q

What is end-diastolic volume?

A

Volume of blood BEFORE the ventricle contracts

57
Q

What is end-systolic volume?

A

The volume of blood AFTER contraction

58
Q

What is the stroke volume formula?

A

EDV-ESV=SV

59
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

Maximum pressure in aorta

60
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

minimum pressure in aorta

61
Q

Mean arterial pressure is?

**

A

average blood pressure in aorta

62
Q

Formula for mean arterial pressure is?

A

MAP=DBP+(SBP-DBP/3)

63
Q

What is the formula for cardiac output?

A

CO=HR x SV

Cardiac output=Heart rate x stroke volume

64
Q

What is Frank Starlings Law?

A

an increased preload causes cardiac muscle fibers to contract with a greater force and produce a greater stroke volume

65
Q

What is preload?

A

More in=More out

66
Q

What is after load?

A

pressure against which ventricles must pump blood

67
Q

Where are the cardioregulation centers located?

A

medulla oblongata

68
Q

What do baroreceptors do?

A

Monitor blood pressure

69
Q

What are small muscular ridges found in portions of the atria?

A

Pecinate muscles

70
Q

When the ventricle is relaxed the chordae tendon are?

A

slack

71
Q

What forms the outer layer of the pericardial sack?

A

the fiberous pericardium

72
Q

What structures return blood to the right atrium?

A

Coronary sinus, IVC/SVC

73
Q

During the transmission of action potentials through the conducting system of the heart, there is a temporary delay at the

A

AV Node-“The Gatekeeper”

74
Q

The greatest amount of ventricular filling occurs during?

A

The first two thirds of diastole

75
Q

While the semilunar valves are open during a normal cardiac cycle, the pressure in the left ventricle is?

A

greater than pressure in aorta

76
Q

Concerning aortic pressure curve, what produces the dicrotic notch?

A

elastic recoil of the aorta

77
Q

The pressure in the left ventricle fluctuates between?

A

120 and 0mm HG

78
Q

Parasympathetic nerve fibers are found in the _________ nerves and release ________ at the heart.

A

Vagus nerves

acetylcholine

79
Q

Increased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart does what?

A

decreases heart rate

80
Q

Because of the baroreceptor reflex, when normal arterial blood pressure decreases, the?

A

heart rate increases

81
Q

When there is a large decrease in blood pressure what occurs?

A

sympathetic stimulation of the adrenal gland increases

82
Q

An increase in extracellular K+ levels could cause?

A

a decrease in heart rate and possibly AV node block

83
Q

What occurs with age?

A

Cardiac output decreases
The heart takes longer to contract and relax, resulting in a decreased maximum heart rate
Increased likely hood of cardiac arrhythmias
Left ventricle hypertrophies

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (11 decks)

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