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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What type of system is the cardio vascular system?

A

A transport system

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2
Q

What type of system is the cardio vascular system?

A

A transport system

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3
Q

What are the vehicles in the cardiovascular system?

A

Blood

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4
Q

What type of category is blood?

A

Fluid connective tissues

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5
Q

What are the formed elements in blood?

A

WBC, RBC, Platelets

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6
Q

What percentage of blood is plasma?

A

55%

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7
Q

What percentage of blood is formed elements?

A

45%

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8
Q

What are the parts that make up plasma and what are their percentages?

A 
Water-91%
----------->other 7%
Albumins-60%
Globulins-35%
Fibrinogen-4%
Regular Protiens
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9
Q

What do Albumins do?

A

Contributor to osmotic pressure

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10
Q

What do globulins do?

A

Antibodies

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11
Q

What is fibrinogen?

A

soluble fiber

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12
Q

What are other solutes found in plasma?

A

Electrolytes-Na+, K+, Ca+
Organic nutrients-Glucose
Organic waste materials

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13
Q

What are the most abundant of the formed elements in blood and what do they do?

A

Erythrocytes, and transport of oxygen and CO2 for cellular resperation

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14
Q

Are RBC’s annucleated?

A

yes

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15
Q

What is the most abundant substance in RBC?

A

hemoglobin

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16
Q

What is the lifespan of a RBC?

A

100-120 days

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17
Q

What does oxygen bind too in the heme?

A

iron ion inside the heme

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18
Q

How many O2 can bind to the iron inside heme?

A

4 O2 molecules

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19
Q

What section of an amino acid determines what type of protein it is?

A

Side chain of an amino acid

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20
Q

How are amino acids joined?

A

Dehydration synthesis

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21
Q

What type of protein structure is hemoglobin?

A

A quaternery structure

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22
Q

What are the building blocks of a protein?

A

Amino acids

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23
Q

What makes up a protein?

A

Amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen and a side chain

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24
Q

How many hemoglobin are in each red blood cell?

A

250 millon

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25
Q

How many units of oxygen can be transported per RBC?

A

1 billion units of oxygen

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26
Q

What is anemia caused by?

A

low number of red blood cells

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27
Q

What are the different types of anemia?

A

sickle cell, iron deficency, hemoragic anemia, aplastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, pernicious anemia

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28
Q

What is hemoragic anemia?

A

bleeding out

for example a bleeding ulcer

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29
Q

What is the cause of aplastic anemia?

A

red bone marrow isn’t producing enough RBC

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30
Q

What is hemolytic anemia?

A

blood cells being destroyed

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31
Q

What is pernicious anemia?

A

deficiency of vitamin B12

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32
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

Increased number of RBC

Cancer of RBC

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33
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

White blood cells

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34
Q

What are the 5 types of WBC?

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes

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35
Q

What are the two categories of Leukocytes?

A

Granulocytes, Agranulocytes

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36
Q

What are granulocytes with 3-5 lobed nucleus, which stain a pale lilac, most abundant types of WBC?

A

neutrophils

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37
Q

Which type of WBC are first on the scene and a high number of them can be a sign of an acute infection?

A

neutrophils

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38
Q

What are WBC that have a bilobed nucleus that stain red?

A

eosinophils

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39
Q

When a higher number of these are present it can be a sign of a parasitic infection or allergic reaction?

A

eosinophils

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40
Q

What percentage of a sample will contain eosinophils?

A

5%

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41
Q

What type of WBC stain purple or blue and contain histamine to mediate a inflammatory response?

A

basophils

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42
Q

What percentage of basophils will be present in a sample?

A
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43
Q

What is a characteristic of AGranulocytes?

A

no visible granules

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44
Q

What are the two types of AGranulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

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45
Q

What type of AGranulocytes have a large nucleus with a small rim of cytoplasm, mostly found in lymphatic tissue?

A

Lymphocytes

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46
Q

What are the two types of lymphocytes?

A

T-cells and B-cells

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47
Q

What do T-cells do?

A

associated with virus infected cells

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48
Q

What do B-cells do?

A

produce antibodies

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49
Q

Where do T-cells mature?

A

in thymus

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50
Q

where do B-cells mature?

A

remain in bone marrow

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51
Q

What type of blood cell can leave the blood and enter into tissue?

A

white blood cells

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52
Q

What type of blood cell can leave the blood and enter into tissue?

A

white blood cells

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53
Q

What are the vehicles in the cardiovascular system?

A

Blood

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54
Q

What type of category is blood?

A

Fluid connective tissues

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55
Q

What are the formed elements in blood?

A

WBC, RBC, Platelets

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56
Q

What percentage of blood is plasma?

A

55%

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57
Q

What percentage of blood is formed elements?

A

45%

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58
Q

What are the parts that make up plasma and what are their percentages?

A 
Water-92%
Albumins-60%
Globulins-35%
Fibrinogen-4%
Regular Protiens
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59
Q

What do Albumins do?

A

Contributor to osmotic pressure

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60
Q

What do gluons do?

A

Antibodies

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61
Q

What is fibrinogen?

A

soluble fiber

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62
Q

What are other solutes found in plasma?

A

Electrolytes-Na+, K+, Ca+
Organic nutrients-Glucose
Organic waste materials

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63
Q

What are the most abundant of the formed elements in blood and what do they do?

A

Erythrocytes, and transport of oxygen and CO2 for cellular resperation

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64
Q

Are RBC’s annucleated?

A

yes

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65
Q

What is the most abundant substance in RBC?

A

hemoglobin

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66
Q

What is the lifespan of a RBC?

A

100-120 days

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67
Q

What does oxygen bind too in the heme?

A

iron ion inside the heme

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68
Q

How many O2 can bind to the iron inside heme?

A

4 O2 molecules

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69
Q

What section of an amino acid determines what type of protein it is?

A

Side chain of an amino acid

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70
Q

How are amino acids joined?

A

Dehydration synthesis

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71
Q

What type of protein structure is hemoglobin?

A

A quaternery structure

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72
Q

What are the building blocks of a protein?

A

Amino acids

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73
Q

What makes up a protein?

A

Amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen and a side chain

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74
Q

How many hemoglobin are in each red blood cell?

A

250 millon

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75
Q

How many units of oxygen can be transported per RBC?

A

1 billion units of oxygen

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76
Q

What is anemia caused by?

A

low number of red blood cells

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77
Q

What are the different types of anemia?

A

sickle cell, iron deficency, hemoragic anemia, aplastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, pernicious anemia

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78
Q

What is hemoragic anemia?

A

bleeding out

for example a bleeding ulcer

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79
Q

What is the cause of aplastic anemia?

A

red bone marrow isn’t producing enough RBC

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80
Q

What is hemolytic anemia?

A

blood cells being destroyed

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81
Q

What is pernicious anemia?

A

deficiency of vitamin B12

82
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

Increased number of RBC

Cancer of RBC

83
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

White blood cells

84
Q

What are the 5 types of WBC?

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes

85
Q

What are the two categories of Leukocytes?

A

Granulocytes, Agranulocytes

86
Q

What are granulocytes with 3-5 lobed nucleus, which stain a pale lilac, most abundant types of WBC?

A

neutrophils

87
Q

Which type of WBC are first on the scene and a high number of them can be a sign of an acute infection?

A

neutrophils

88
Q

What are WBC that have a bilobed nucleus that stain red?

A

eosinophils

89
Q

When a higher number of these are present it can be a sign of a parasitic infection or allergic reaction?

A

eosinophils

90
Q

What percentage of a sample will contain eosinophils?

A

5%

91
Q

What type of WBC stain purple or blue and contain histamine to mediate a inflammatory response?

A

basophils

92
Q

What percentage of basophils will be present in a sample?

A
93
Q

What is a characteristic of AGranulocytes?

A

no visible granules

94
Q

What are the two types of AGranulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

95
Q

What type of AGranulocytes have a large nucleus with a small rim of cytoplasm, mostly found in lymphatic tissue?

A

Lymphocytes

96
Q

What are the two types of lymphocytes?

A

T-cells and B-cells

97
Q

What do T-cells do?

A

associated with virus infected cells

98
Q

What do B-cells do?

A

produce antibodies

99
Q

Where do T-cells mature?

A

in thymus

100
Q

where do B-cells mature?

A

remain in bone marrow

101
Q

What type of Agranulocytes are largest WBC with u-shaped nucleus, higher number of these can be a sign of a chronic infection?

A

monocytes

102
Q

What type of blood cell can leave the blood and enter into tissue?

A

white blood cells

103
Q

What is an average white blood cell count?

A

5000

104
Q

what is leucocytosis?

A

a higher number of WBC

105
Q

What is the nemonic device for remembering percentages of WBC in a sample?

A

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bannanas

106
Q

What are the percentage of neutrophils in a sample?

A

50%

107
Q

What are the percentages of WBC in a sample from highest to lowest?

A 
Neutrophils-50%
Lymphocytes-25%
Monocytes-10%
Eosinophils-5%
basophils-
108
Q

What is leucopenia?

A

Low number of WBC

109
Q

What is an extreme increase in WBC count?

A

leukemia

110
Q

What does a hemocytoblast do?

A

created all formed elements in blood

111
Q

How are platelets created?

A

by Megakaryotcytes

112
Q

What do platelets do?

A

involved in blood clotting

113
Q

What is hematostasis?

A

Blood clotting

114
Q

What are the three phases of hematostasis?

A

Vascular phase, Platelet phase, Coagulation phase

115
Q

What occurs during the vascular phase of hematostasis?

A

Blood vessel is severed, smooth muscle inside blood vessel contracts restricting the amount of blood

116
Q

What occurs during the platelet phase of hematostasis?

A

Platelets plug the hole

117
Q

What occurs during the coagulation phase of hematostasis?

A

Prothrombin–>Prothrombinase–>thrombin–>turns fibrinogen (a soluble fiber) to fibrin (an insoluable fiber)

118
Q

What can cause spontaneous bleeding?

A

lack of platlets

119
Q

What presence determines blood type?

A

surface antigens

120
Q

Type A blood would indicate a presence of what?

what antibody would type A blood produce?

A

A surface antigen

Anti B antibodies

121
Q

Type B blood would indicate a presence of what?

What antibody would type B blood produce?

A

B surface antigens

Anti A antibodies

122
Q

Type AB blood would indicate a presence of what?

What antibody would type AB blood produce?

A

A & B surface antigens

No antibodies, universal donor

123
Q

Type O blood would indicate a presence of what?

What antibodies would type O blood produce?

A

No surface antigens

A and B antibodies

124
Q

What type of blood is a universal donor?

A

O

125
Q

What determines RH +/-?

A

whether RH is present or not

126
Q

If you are RH -, does your body produce antibodies?

A

no, unless you are exposed to RH +

127
Q

What are the ways blood maintains homeostasis?

A

Transport of gases, nutrients, waste products
Transport of processed molecules
Transport of regulatory molecules
Regulation of PH and osmosis
Maintence of body temp
Protection against foreign substances and microorganisms
Blood clotting prevents fluid and cell loss

128
Q

What are formed elements in blood?

A

Erythtrocytes, Leukocytes, plateletes

129
Q

Plasma is what percentage of blood?

A

55%

130
Q

What percentage of blood is formed elements?

A

45%

131
Q

When blood is bright red or scarlet it indicates the presence of what?

A

oxygen

132
Q

When blood is dark red it is?

A

unoxygenated

133
Q

Albumin makes of what percentage of plasma?

A

58%

134
Q

Globulin makes up what percentage of plasma?

A

38%

135
Q

Fibrinogen makes up what percentage of plasma?

A

4%

136
Q

Erythrocytes make up how much percentage of blood?

How much do leukocytes make up?

A

RBC 95%

WBC 5%

137
Q

How are blood cells renewed?

A

by hematocytoblasts in bone marrow

138
Q

Hematopoiesis is what?

A

blood cell production

139
Q

What gives rise to all formed elements?

A

hemocytoblasts

140
Q

What functions in gas transport in RBCs?

A

hemoglobin

141
Q

How much does hemoglobin account for in RBC?

A

a third

142
Q

What does hemoglobin consist of?

A

Protien globulin-made up of two alpha and two beta chains each bound to the heme group
Each heme group contains a iron ion

143
Q

How is carbon dioxide transported?
How much CO2 is chemically bound to hemoglobin?
How much CO2 is dissolved in plasma?

A

as bicarbonate (HCO3) 70%
Chemically bound to hemoglobin-23%
Dissolved -7%

144
Q

What is the production of RBC’s called?

A

erythropoiesis

145
Q

What is a young red blood cell called?

A

reticulocyte

146
Q

What is the formula for transport and exchange of carbon dioxide?

A

CO2+H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-

Carbon dioxide + water Carbonic acid Hydrogen Ion + Bicarbonate ion

147
Q

What is the ratio of hemoglobin to hematocrit?

A

1 hemoglobin to 3 hematocrit

148
Q

What is the definition of hemoglobin?

A

Oxygen carrying capacity of blood

149
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

percentage of whole blood occupied by formed elements

150
Q

What is the cause of hypoxia?

A

too few RBCs

decreased blood oxygen

151
Q

What happens when there is too many RBCs

A

Undesirable blood viscosity

152
Q

What is the protein that stimulates RBC production?

A

Erythropotien

153
Q

What occurs to dying RBCs?

A

engulfed by macrophages

heme and global are separated and iron is salvaged for reuse

154
Q

How much of blood volume do WBCs make up?

A

1%

155
Q

What type of cells are responsible for producing antibodies?

****

A

B-cells and plasma cells

156
Q

What do monocytes differentiate into?

A

Macrophages

157
Q

What is endothelium made of?

A

Simple squamous tissue lining the blood vessels and the heart

158
Q

How is prothrombin converted to thrombin?

A

prothrombinase

159
Q

How is fibrinogen converted to fibrin?

****

A

thrombin

160
Q

What is thrombosis?

A

A stationary clot

161
Q

What is Embolus?

A

A traveling clot

162
Q

What do thrombosis and embolus have in common?

A

A clot occurs in an intact blood vessel

163
Q

What is hemoloysis?

A

destruction of blood cells

164
Q

What is given to RH- mothers during 2nd pregnancy?

A

RhoGram

165
Q

Polycythemia is?

A

a increased number of RBC

166
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

A increased number of WBC

167
Q

What does hematocrit do?

A

Estimates RBC percentage, may indicate anemia or polycythemia

168
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Blockage of blood vessels due to adipose tissue

169
Q

What are transported substances?

A

nutrients, wastes, respiratory gases, other

170
Q

Albumins make up how much of plasma and what are thy responsible for?

A

58% maintaining osmotic pressure

171
Q

Globulins account for how much of plasma and what are they responsible for?

A

38% of plasma and immune response

172
Q

Fibrinogen accounts for how much of plasma and what is it responsible for?

A

4% and when clotting factors are activated it converts to fibrin

173
Q

What are 95% of formed elements?

A

Erythrocytes (RBC)

174
Q

The remaining 5% of formed elements are what?

A

leukocytes (WBC)

175
Q

What does hemoglobin consist of?

A

four poly-peptide chains and four heme groups

176
Q

Each polypeptide chain is called a __________ is bound to one ______, and each of these contains a _____ atom.

A

globin
heme
iron

177
Q

70% of CO2 is transported in the form of ?

A

bicarbonate ions

178
Q

What enzyme catalyzes the combination of CO2 and H20 ?

A

carbonic anhydrase

179
Q

What do stem cells form? Which in turn give rise to red blood cell line

A

Proerythroblasts

180
Q

What is the main bile pigment?

A

bilirubin

181
Q

how do WBC’s leave the blood?

hint-movement

A

ameboid movement

182
Q

What is a vascular spasm?

A

a immediate but temporary constriction of the blood vessel

183
Q

What chemicals produce vascular spasms?

A

thromboxanes and endothelin

184
Q

What is the von Willebrand factor?

A

von Willebrand factor forms a bridge between collagen and platelets by binding to platelet surface receptors and collegen

185
Q

In a platelet release reaction, what chemicals do platelets release?

A

adenosin diphosphate and thromboxane resulting in the activation of platelets, which in turn releases more platelets

186
Q

When becoming activated these platelets express surface receptors called what?

A

fibrogen receptors

187
Q

In platelet aggregation what occurs?

A

Fibrogen from bridges between fibrinogen receptors of numerous platelets resulting in a platelet plug

188
Q

What is a blood clot?

A

network of threadlike protein fibers called fibrin that traps blood cells, platelets and fluid

189
Q

What does prothrombinase do?

A

converts prothrombin into thrombin

Thrombin then converts fibrinogen into fibrin

190
Q

What are two anitcoagulants in blood?

A

Antithrombin and heparin

191
Q

A stationary clot is called a?

A

thrombus

192
Q

A moving clot is called a?

A

embolus

193
Q

When a clot begins to condense into a more compact structure it is called?

A

clot retraction

194
Q

Clots are dissolved by?

A

fibrinolysis

195
Q

What is it called when a mother produces anti RH antibodies ?

A

hemolytic disease of the newborn or erythroblastosis fetalis

196
Q

What is the order from largest to smallest percentage of CO2 Transport?

A

1) Bicarbonate Ions
2) Combined w/blood proteins
3) dissolved in plasma

197
Q

What substances are required for normal RBC production?

A

folate, vitamin K, iron

198
Q

What changes will happen in blood when entering a vigorus training program?

A

Increase in erythropoietin production and number of reticulocytes

199
Q

What occurs to globin during the destruction of a RBC?

A

broken down into amino acids

200
Q

Cells that promote inflammation are?

A

All of them, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, macrophages

201
Q

Most numerous WBC?

A

neutrophils

202
Q

The chemical involved in the breakdown of a clot is?

A

plasmin

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (11 decks)

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