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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Special Senses > Flashcards

Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 special senses?

A

vision, hearing, taste, balance, smell

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2
Q

Why are the special senses defined as special senses?

A

Due to a specific central location with a specific receptor

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3
Q

What nerve aids in vision?

A

Optic Nerve (CN #2)

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4
Q

What nerve aids in smell?

A

olfactory nerve (CN#1)

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5
Q

What nerve aids in hearing?

A

Vestibulacochlear nerve (CN#8)

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6
Q

What is gustation?

A

taste

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7
Q

Which special senses are chemical, which are light, and which are stimulated due to mechanical stimulation?

A 
Smell-chemical
Taste-chemical 
Sight-light
Hearing-mechanical stimulation
Balance-mechanical stimulation
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8
Q

What type of neurons are olfactory neurons?

A

biopolar neurons

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9
Q

Where would you find olfactory epithelieum?

A

ethmoid bone (specifically the crib form palate)

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10
Q

Where would you find taste buds?

A

Lips, throat (pharynx), tongue, palate

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11
Q

What are the 5 basic taste sensations?

A

Salty, sour, sweet, bitter, Umami

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12
Q

What basic taste has the highest sensitivity?

A

Bitter, due to bodies reaction against ingesting posion

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13
Q

Smell is strongly influenced by?

A

Olfaction

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14
Q

The facial nerve innervates what part of the tongue?

A

anterior two-thirds

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15
Q

The Glossopharyngeal innervates what part of the tongue?

A

Posterior one third

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16
Q

The vagus nerve innervates the?

A

epiglottis

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17
Q

What do lacrimal glands produce?

A

tears

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18
Q

What does the lacrimal apparatus consist of?

A

lacrimal gland, lacrimal canaliculus, and nasolacrimal duct

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19
Q

Extrinsic eye muscles are made up of what?

A

six straplike muscles

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20
Q

Extrinsic eye muscles are what type of muscle?

A

Skeletal

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21
Q

What are the 6 extrinsic eye muscles?

A 
Superior rectus
Inferior rectus
Medial Rectus 
Lateral Rectus
Superior oblique 
Inferior obligue
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22
Q

What are the three layers of the eye?

A

Fibrous tunic, Vascular tunic, Sensory tunic

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23
Q

What are the names for the inner layer of the eye?

*hint: 5

A

Sensory tunic, Nervous Tunic, Nervous tunic, neural tunic, retina

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24
Q

Fiberous tunic has two layers, what are they?

A

Sclera-white part of the eye

Cornea-clear

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25
Q

Vascular tunic has 4 parts, what are they?

A 
Choroid
Ciliary body
iris
pupil
retina
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26
Q

What are the ciliary body and ligaments responsible for?

A

changing the shape of the lens

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27
Q

What does the iris do?

A

regulates amount of light entering

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28
Q

What do dialators do?

A

enlarge the pupil

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29
Q

What do constrictors do?

A

shrink the pupil

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30
Q

Macula consists of mostly what type of photoreceptors?

A

cones

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31
Q

Fovea centralis has the highest amount of what?

What does this mean?

A

highest amount of cones, so they provide the highest visual acuity

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32
Q

What are cones responsible for?

A

color vision

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33
Q

What are rods responsible for?

A

Black and white vision

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34
Q

What is the purpose of the lens?

A

To focus light on retina

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35
Q

The anterior segment and anterior cavity contain what?

A

aqueous humour

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36
Q

The posterior segment and posterior cavity contain what?

A

Vitreous humour

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37
Q

Vitreous humor is produced when?

A

Before birth

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38
Q

Is the cornea vascular?

A

No

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39
Q

What is the visible axis (aka pathway through the eye)

******

A

cornea->anterior segment w/aqueous humor->pupil->lens->posterior segment w/vitreous humour->retina

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40
Q

What is emmetropia?

A

Normal sight

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41
Q

What is Myopia?

A

near sighted

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42
Q

What is hypertropia?

A

Far sighted

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43
Q

To see up close, the lens has to do what?

A

needs to curve (ball like)

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44
Q

To see at a distance the lens needs to do what?

A

Lens has to flatten

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45
Q

Rods consist of?

A

About 700 disks

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46
Q

What do the disks in rods contain?

A

rhodopsin and retinal

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47
Q

What does exposure to light activate?

A

rhodopsin

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48
Q

When rhodopsin is produced it makes what more sensitive?

A

the retina

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49
Q

What types of cones are there?

A

blue, red and green

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50
Q

The superior rectus muscle moves the eye?

A

upward

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51
Q

The inferior rectus moves the eye?

A

downward

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52
Q

The medial rectus moves the eye?

A

moves eye medially

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53
Q

The lateral rectus moves the eye?

A

laterally

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54
Q

The superior oblique moves the eye?

A

Downward and laterally

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55
Q

The inferior oblique moves the eye?

A

upward and laterally

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56
Q

What are the lateral canthus and the medial canthus?

A

corners of the eye where the eyelids attach

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57
Q

What is a caruncle?

A

“ball” in medial canthus

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58
Q

The tough outer layer, or ‘white’ of the eye is the?

A

sclera

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59
Q

The clear anterior part of the sclera is called?

A

the cornea

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60
Q

the choroid is what?

A

the vascular pigmented layer within the vascular tunic

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61
Q

What is the inner layer of the neural tunic that contains photoreceptors?

A

retina

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62
Q

What is the small pit where most cones are found?

A

fovea centralis

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63
Q

What is the region around the fovea centralis?

A

macula lutea

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64
Q

What is the point of attachment for optic nerves?

A

Optic disk

65
Q

What is the region of the eye that contains no photoreceptors and is often referred to as the blind spot?

A

Optic disk

66
Q

What does the ciliary body do?

A

causes tension on suspensory ligaments

67
Q

What do suspensory ligaments do?

A

tension changes shape of lens

68
Q

What does the lens do??

A

focuses light on retina

69
Q

The anterior segment is located?

A

between the cornea and iris

70
Q

the aqueous humor is?

A

water fluid in anterior segment

71
Q

The posterior segment is located?

A

behind lens

72
Q

The vitreous humor is?

What does it do?

A

A thick gel in posterior segment

Helps maintain and shape eye

73
Q

What is an accommodation?

A

When curvature of lens changes for vision of near or distant objects

74
Q

What is an astigmatism?

A

When lens is warped or not a perfect spherical shape

75
Q

What are the three parts of the ear?

A

Outer ear, middle ear, inner ear

76
Q

What are the parts of outer ear?

A

Auricle or pinna, External acoustic meatus, Tympanic Membrane

77
Q

What are the parts of the middle ear?

A

Auditory ossicles (malleus, Incus, stapes), Eustachian tube

78
Q

What is the function of the cochlear?

A

hearing

79
Q

What is the function of the semi-circular canals?

A

Dynamic balance

80
Q

What is the function of the vestibule?

A

Static balance

81
Q

What stimulates the hair cell, which will create an action potential?

A

Bending the sterocilia

82
Q

What are the three ducts of the cochlear?

A

vestibular duct, cochlear duct, tympanic duct

83
Q

What is the anatomical name for the vestibular duct?

A

scala vestibuli

84
Q

What is the anatomical name for the cochlear duct?

A

scala media

85
Q

What is the anatomical name for the tympanic duct?

A

scala tympani

86
Q

Where is the vestibular membrane located?

A

between the vestibular and cochlear ducts

87
Q

Where is the basil membrane located?

A

between the cochlear and tympanic membranes

88
Q

How do hair cells become stimulated?

A

Movement of sound waves shakes the tectorial membrane which bends the stereo cilia which creates an action potential that the brain interprets as sound

89
Q

Higher pitched sounds are __________ to the oval window?

A

closer

90
Q

Low pitch sounds are _____________ to the oval window?

A

Farther

91
Q

In the Rhodopsin Cycle-

The first step is?

A

Retinal is attached inside the opsin to make rhodopsin

92
Q

In the Rhodopsin Cycle-

The second step is?

A

Light activates rhodopsin by causing retinal to change shape, which causes opsin to change shape

93
Q

In the Rhodopsin Cycle-

The third step is?

A

Activated rhodopsin time stimulates cell changes that result in vision

94
Q

In the Rhodopsin Cycle-

The fourth step is?

A

Following rhodopsin from activation, retinal detaches from opsin

95
Q

In the Rhodopsin Cycle-

The fifth step is?

A

Energy from ATP is required to bring retinal back to its original form

96
Q

In the Rhodopsin Cycle-

The sixth step is?

A

Retinal attaches to opsin to form rhodopsin

97
Q

What do the membranes of cones contain?

What does it contain?

A

Iodopsin, which contains retinal combined with opsin protein

98
Q

How many does each eye have of rods and cones?

A

120 million rods

6/7 million cones

99
Q

How many cones does the fovea centralis have?

A

approx. 35,000 cones

100
Q

How do rods and cones differ in regards to synapsing with bipolar cells?

A

Several rods synapse with each bipolar cell

One cone cell synapses with one bipolar cell

101
Q

What do horizontal cells synapse with?

A

Photoreceptor cells and bipolar cells

102
Q

What do Amacrine cells synapse with?

A

biopolar and ganglion cells

103
Q

What do interplexiform cells connect with and what do they do?

A

Horizontal & Amacrine cells forming feedback loops

104
Q

What type of lens corrects myopia?

A

Concave lens

105
Q

What type of lens corrects hyperopia?

A

convex lens

106
Q

Name the visual axis?

A

Cornea->anterior seg. containing aqueous humor->pupil->lens->posterior segment w/vitreous humor->retina

107
Q

What is binocular vision?

A

What is seen with two eyes at the same time

108
Q

What in monocular vision?

A

What is seen with one eye

109
Q

What is binocular vision responsible for?

A

depth perception

110
Q

What are the parts of the external ear?

A

Outside the head to the tympanic membrane

111
Q

What is the middle ear?

A

Air filled chamber medial to tympanic membrane

112
Q

What is the inner ear?

A

Set of fluid filled chambers medial to the middle ear

113
Q

External ear and middle ears are involved in what only?

A

Hearing

114
Q

Inner ear has what two functions?

A

Hearing and balance

115
Q

What is the external acoustic meatus lined with?

A

Hairs and ceruminous glands

116
Q

What are the two small muscles in the middle ear that help dampen vibrations of the auditory ossicles caused by loud noises?

A

Tensor tympani-innervated by the trigeminal nerve

Stapedius-innvervated by the facial nerve

117
Q

What is the chorda tympani?

Where does it cross in the ear?

A

Branch of the facial nerve carrying taste impulses from the anterior two thirds of tongue
Crosses through middle ear between malleus and incus

118
Q

What are the two openings that provide air passages in middle ear?

A

One opens into the mastoid air cells in the mastoid process of temporal bone

Eustachian tube which opens into the pharynx

119
Q

What is the name for the interconnecting, fluid filled tunnels, and chambers within the temporal bone?

A

Bony labyrinth

120
Q

What is the bony labyrinth lined with?

A

endosteum

121
Q

What is the name for the similarly shaped but smaller set of membranous tunnels

A

Membranous labyrinth

122
Q

What is the membranous labyrinth filled with?

A

Endolymph

123
Q

What is the bony labyrinth filled with?

A

perilymph

124
Q

What are spiral lamina?

A

the bony core of the cochlea that is shaped like a screw with threads

125
Q

What is the helicotrema?

A

The opening connecting the two chambers, the scala tympani and the scala vestibuli

126
Q

What is a hair bundle?

A

the conical group of the stereo cilia from one inner hair cell

127
Q

What connects the tip of each stereo cilium in a hair bundle to the side of a longer stereocilium

A

a tip link

128
Q

Amplitude is what?

A

volume

129
Q

Lower amplitude means what?

Are the sound waves tall or short

A

lower volume

short

130
Q

Higher amplitude means what?

Are the sound waves tall or short?

A

higher volume

Tall

131
Q

What is Timbre?

A

resonance quality of sound or overtones of sound

132
Q

What is frequency?

A

Pitch

133
Q

What does a lower frequency mean?

Are the sound waves closer or farther apart?

A

Lower pitch

Farther apart

134
Q

What does higher frequency mean?

Are the sound waves closer or farther apart?

A

higher pitch

Closer together

135
Q

What is the sound attenuation reflex?

A

When loud sounds cause muscles (tensor tympani and stapidus) to contract and dampen movement of auditory ossicles

136
Q

Axons of the sensory neurons supplying hair cells for what?

A

cochlear nerve

137
Q

Where do neurons from cochlear ganglion synapse with the CNS?

A

Cochlear nucleus in the medulla oblongata

138
Q

What type of balance is associated with the vestibule and is involved with the position of the head relative to gravity?

A

static balance

139
Q

What type of balance is associated with the semi-circular canals and involved in changes in the direction and rate of head movements?

A

Dynamic balance

140
Q

What parts of the vestibule is static balance associated with?

A

the utricle and the saccule

141
Q

What is the specialized patch of epithelium located in both utricle and saccule?

A

Macula

142
Q

What are otoliths?

A

crystals of calcium carbonate and protein located within the otolithic membrane

143
Q

What is located under the otolithic membrane?

A

hair cells

144
Q

What is the special sensory epithelium within the ampulla of the semi-circular canal?

A

crista ampullaris

145
Q

Semicircular canals detect changes in the rate of movement rather than the movement alone because of what?

A

Displacement of the cupula is most intense when the rate of head movement changes rapidly

146
Q

Axons of the sensory neurons supplying the hair cells of the maculae and crista ampullaris form what?

A

The vestibular ganglion

147
Q

What is age-related hearing loss?

A

presbyacusis

148
Q

With age the the number of hair cells in the
__________, __________, &_________ decreases?
Also, the number of ____________ declines?

A

Sacule, utricle, and ampulle

otoliths

149
Q

Which cells have no axons but release neurotransmitters when stimulated?

A

Last cells

150
Q

What do tears contain?

A

water, salts, mucus and lysozyme

151
Q

Aqeuous humor exits the eye via?

A

scleral venous sinus

152
Q

Contraction of the smooth muscle in the ciliary body causes what?

A

Lens to become more spherical and pupils to constrict

153
Q

Looking at an object 30 ft away and suddenly looking at an object 1 ft away what will occur?

A

Medial rectus contracts,
pupils constrict
Lens of the eye becomes more spherical

154
Q

where do axons in the optic nerve from right eye go?

A

Some go to right occipital lobe and some go to left occipital lobe

155
Q

The spiral organ is found within the?

A

cochlear duct

156
Q

An increase in the loudness of sound occurs as a result of an increase in the __________ of the sound wave

A

amplitude

157
Q

Waves coming from the outside encounter what in what order?

A

1) Perilymph
2) vestibular membrane
3) endolymph
4) basilar membrane

158
Q

Damage to the semicircular canals affects the ability to detect?

A

Movement of the head in all directions

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (11 decks)

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