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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

How does blood flow through the blood vessels?

**

A

Aorta->Large Artery–>Small Artery–>arterioles–>capillaries–>Venules–>Small vein–>Large vein–>IVC/SVC

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2
Q

Arteries take blood?

A

Away from heart

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3
Q

Veins take blood?

A

Back to heart

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4
Q

What are the three layers of blood vessels?

A

Tunica Externa
Tunica Media
Tunica Interna

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5
Q

What type of blood vessel is just epithleial tissue on a basement membrane?

A

Capillaries

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6
Q

What controls the flow of blood through capillaries?

A

Pre-capillary sphincters

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7
Q

What is Pulse pressure?

A

difference between systolic blood pressure and diastoylic blood pressure
PP=SBP-DBP

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8
Q

What is the formula for Mean Arterial blood pressure?

A

MAP=DBP+(SBP-DBP/3)

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9
Q

What are the three branches of the aortic arch?

A

brachiocephalic trunk
left common corotid
left subclavian artery

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10
Q

What are arterioles?

A

smallest arteries before capillary bed

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11
Q

Why do arteries have a thicker tunica media?

A

High pressure, more smooth muscle

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12
Q

What are qualities of large elastic arteries?

What is an example

A

Tunica media has many elastic fibers, and not as much smooth muscle

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13
Q

What are qualities of Muscular (or distributing) arteries?

A

Abundance of smooth muscle

not as many elastic fibers

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14
Q

What do venules do?

A

collect blood from capillaries

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15
Q

What is Arteriosclerosis?

****

A

loss of elasticity in aorta, large arteries, and coronary arteries

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16
Q

What is Athersclerosis?

****

A

deposit of materials in artery walls which form plaque buildup

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17
Q

What is the definition of blood pressure?

A

A measure of force exerted by blood against blood vessel wall

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18
Q

How is blood pressure measured?

A

By listening to Korotkoff sounds produced by the turbulent flow in arteries as pressure is released by a blood pressure cuff

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19
Q

What is the first sound heard during measuring of blood pressure?

A

Systolic pressure

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20
Q

When is dyastolic pressure measured during blood pressure?

A

Pressure at which sound dissapears

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21
Q

What represents systolic pressure on a blood pressure reading?
What represents diastolic?

A

120

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22
Q

What is formula for PP?

A

PP=SBP-DBP

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23
Q

Formula for MAP?

A

MAP=DBP+(SBP-DBP/3)

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24
Q

What is the sum of all the factors that inhibit flow?

A

resistance

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25
Q

What is the primary means of capillary exchange?

A

Diffusion (which includes osmosis) and filtration

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26
Q

What does epinephrine do in regards to skeletal muscle?

A

causes vasodialation

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27
Q

How much of blood is found in veins?

A

2/3

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28
Q

What occurs during fight or flight?

A

Arteries vasodilate

Veins vasoconstrict

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29
Q

Where are baroreceptors located?

A

in carotid sinus and aortic arch

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30
Q

Basoreceptor reflex changes what in response to changes in blood pressure?

A

peripherial resistance, heart rate & stroke volume

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31
Q

What are 3 short term regulators of BP?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine
Periphrial chemoreceptors
Central chemoreceptors

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32
Q

When do peripheral chemoreceptors react?

A

when a decrease in oxygen levels occurs

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33
Q

When do central chemoreceptors react?

A

when an increase in carbon dioxide levels occurs

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34
Q

What is the long term regulatory mechanism for when blood pressure for a low blood pressure?

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

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35
Q

What is released in kidneys due to low blood ph?

A

Renin

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36
Q

What does renin promote once released?

A

angiotenisin

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37
Q

What does angiotensin do?

A

causes vasoconstriction

Causes an increase in aldosterone secretion

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38
Q

What does aldosterone secretion do?

A

Maintains blood volume by decreasing urine production

39
Q

Vasopressin (ADH) from the pituitary gland responses to what? What does it do to counteract that?

A

Responses to a drop in BP
Causes vasoconstriction
Decreases urine production

40
Q

Name the steps involving renin and angiotenisogen

***

A

Angiotenisogen—renin—–> angiotensin 1—-ACE—->angiotensin 2

41
Q

Name 3 characteristics of Angiotensin 2

A

powerful vasoconstrictor
Release of aldosterone
releases ADH

42
Q

Where does Aldosterone come from?

A

adrenal cortex

43
Q

What is Aldosterone responsible for?

A

sodium retension, which causes water reabsorption

44
Q

What does water reabsorption mean in regards to BP?

A

increased blood volume, which leads to increased blood pressure

45
Q

what causes the transformation from angiotensin to AGT 1?

A

renin

46
Q

What is the long term mechanism for when atrial blood pressure increases?

A

Atrial Natiuretic Mechanism

47
Q

How does Atrial Naiuretic mechanism work?

A

Stimulates urine production

48
Q

What is a fluid shift mechanism?

**

A

Movement of fluid from interstitial fluid into capillaries in response to a decrease in blood pressure to maintain blood volume

49
Q

When in circulatory shock, baroreceptors and Adrenal medullary do what?

A

increase blood pressure

50
Q

When in circulatory shock fluid shift does what?

A

increases blood volume

51
Q

In severe shock what do chemoreceptors do?

A

Increase vasoconstriction, HR& force of contraction

52
Q

What is responsible for death due to shock?

A

positive feedback mechanisms by causing a cycle of dropping BP

53
Q

Thoroughfare channels extend from where?

A

relatively direct fashion from arterioles to venules

54
Q

Veins greater than 2mm in diameter contain?

A

valves

55
Q

What side of the body does not contain a brachiocephalic artery?

A

the left

56
Q

The base of each internal carotid artery is slightly dialated to form a?

A

corotid sinus

57
Q

The corotid sinus is contains what?

What is it important for?

A

baroreceptors

Monitoring blood pressure

58
Q

What is the cerebral arterial circle?

A

At the base of the brain

59
Q

The vertebral arteries that branch off the subclavian arteries supple blood where?

A

the brain

60
Q

What is a portal system?

A

a vascular system that begins and ends with capillary beds and has no pumping mechanism between them

61
Q

What is the hepatic portal system?

A

Carries blood through the veins from capillaries within abominal visera
Nutrients are carried this way

62
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

force blood exerts against the blood vessel walls

63
Q

When ventricles contract and blood is forced into arteries and pressure reaches a maximum it is called?

A

systolic pressure

64
Q

When blood in arteries falls to a minimum value it is called?

A

diastolic pressure

65
Q

What is the auscultory method of determining blood pressure?

A

most used clinical way of detirmining blood pressure

66
Q

A blood pressure cuff is connected to a __________

A

sphygmomanomter

67
Q

Blood flow is?

A

the volume of blood that passes through a vessel per unit of time

68
Q

What is the equation of blood flow?

A

Flow=P1-P2/R

69
Q

Factors that represent resistance are represented how?

A

Resistance=128vl/pied4

70
Q

What is the diameter of a round blood vessel?

A

distance from one side of blood vessel to the other

71
Q

What is viscosity?

A

measure of the resistance of a liquid to flow

72
Q

What is viscosity of blood largely influenced by?

A

hematocrit

73
Q

Hematocrit is?

A

the percentage of the total blood volume composed of red blood cells

74
Q

Peripheral resistance is what?

A

The sum of all the resistance to blood flow in all the blood vessels in body

75
Q

What is the continual sympathetic stimulation of smooth muscle in the walls that keep them in a state of partial constriction?

A

Vasomotor tone

76
Q

What does aortic pressure fluctuate between?

A

120 mmg HG and 80mm HG

77
Q

What is vascular compliance?

A

tendency for blood vessel volume to increase as blood pressure increases

78
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

Pressure or weight of gravity produced by a column of fluid due to effects of gravity

79
Q

What is capillary exchange?

A

Movement of substances between capillaries and the interstitial fluids of tissues

80
Q

What is local control?

A

Response of vascular smooth muscle to changes in tissue gases, nutrients and waste product levels

81
Q

The vasomotor center is located in the __________ and does what?

A

medulla oblongata

transmits low frequency action potienals through sympathetic fibers to smooth muscle of blood vessels

82
Q

Baroreceptors are?

A

sensory receptors that respond to stretch in arteries caused by increased blood pressure

83
Q

Chemoreceptors are?

A

sensory receptors responding to chemicals such as O2, CO2 and ph

84
Q

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors found?

A

found in carotid bodies, and aortic bodies

85
Q

Where are central chemoreceptors found?

A

medulla oblongata

86
Q

What is the CNS ischemic response?

A

When the central chemoreceptors stimulate the vasomotor center resulting in vasoconstriction that maintains or increases blood pressure

87
Q

What are the veins in order from brain to heart?

A

dural venous sinus, internal jugular, brachiocephalic, superior vena cava

88
Q

Name blood vessels in order from large intestine to IVC?

A

superior mesenteric, hepatic portal vein, hepatic vein

89
Q 
Out of these 4, which are superficial?
Small saphenous
Large saphenous
Fibular 
Posterior tibial
A

Small saphenous, large saphenous

90
Q

Resistance to blood flow is greatest in?

A

arterioles

91
Q

An increase in mean arterial pressure can result in?

A

increase in peripheral resistance, heart rate, stroke volume

92
Q

In response to an increase in mean arterial pressure, baroreceptor reflex causes?

A

a decrease in peripheral resistance

93
Q

In response to a decrease in blood pressure what occurs?

A

ADH secretion increases, the kidneys decrease urine production, blood vol. increases

94
Q

Severe arteriosclerosis of renal arteries would be considered?

A

hypertension

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (11 decks)

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