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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Blood Vessels Flashcards

(94 cards)

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1
Q

How does blood flow through the blood vessels?

**

A

Aorta->Large Artery–>Small Artery–>arterioles–>capillaries–>Venules–>Small vein–>Large vein–>IVC/SVC

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2
Q

Arteries take blood?

A

Away from heart

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3
Q

Veins take blood?

A

Back to heart

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4
Q

What are the three layers of blood vessels?

A

Tunica Externa
Tunica Media
Tunica Interna

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5
Q

What type of blood vessel is just epithleial tissue on a basement membrane?

A

Capillaries

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6
Q

What controls the flow of blood through capillaries?

A

Pre-capillary sphincters

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7
Q

What is Pulse pressure?

A

difference between systolic blood pressure and diastoylic blood pressure
PP=SBP-DBP

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8
Q

What is the formula for Mean Arterial blood pressure?

A

MAP=DBP+(SBP-DBP/3)

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9
Q

What are the three branches of the aortic arch?

A

brachiocephalic trunk
left common corotid
left subclavian artery

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10
Q

What are arterioles?

A

smallest arteries before capillary bed

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11
Q

Why do arteries have a thicker tunica media?

A

High pressure, more smooth muscle

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12
Q

What are qualities of large elastic arteries?

What is an example

A

Tunica media has many elastic fibers, and not as much smooth muscle

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13
Q

What are qualities of Muscular (or distributing) arteries?

A

Abundance of smooth muscle

not as many elastic fibers

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14
Q

What do venules do?

A

collect blood from capillaries

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15
Q

What is Arteriosclerosis?

****

A

loss of elasticity in aorta, large arteries, and coronary arteries

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16
Q

What is Athersclerosis?

****

A

deposit of materials in artery walls which form plaque buildup

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17
Q

What is the definition of blood pressure?

A

A measure of force exerted by blood against blood vessel wall

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18
Q

How is blood pressure measured?

A

By listening to Korotkoff sounds produced by the turbulent flow in arteries as pressure is released by a blood pressure cuff

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19
Q

What is the first sound heard during measuring of blood pressure?

A

Systolic pressure

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20
Q

When is dyastolic pressure measured during blood pressure?

A

Pressure at which sound dissapears

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21
Q

What represents systolic pressure on a blood pressure reading?
What represents diastolic?

A

120

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22
Q

What is formula for PP?

A

PP=SBP-DBP

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23
Q

Formula for MAP?

A

MAP=DBP+(SBP-DBP/3)

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24
Q

What is the sum of all the factors that inhibit flow?

A

resistance

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25
What is the primary means of capillary exchange?
Diffusion (which includes osmosis) and filtration
26
What does epinephrine do in regards to skeletal muscle?
causes vasodialation
27
How much of blood is found in veins?
2/3
28
What occurs during fight or flight?
Arteries vasodilate | Veins vasoconstrict
29
Where are baroreceptors located?
in carotid sinus and aortic arch
30
Basoreceptor reflex changes what in response to changes in blood pressure?
peripherial resistance, heart rate & stroke volume
31
What are 3 short term regulators of BP?
epinephrine and norepinephrine Periphrial chemoreceptors Central chemoreceptors
32
When do peripheral chemoreceptors react?
when a decrease in oxygen levels occurs
33
When do central chemoreceptors react?
when an increase in carbon dioxide levels occurs
34
What is the long term regulatory mechanism for when blood pressure for a low blood pressure?
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
35
What is released in kidneys due to low blood ph?
Renin
36
What does renin promote once released?
angiotenisin
37
What does angiotensin do?
causes vasoconstriction | Causes an increase in aldosterone secretion
38
What does aldosterone secretion do?
Maintains blood volume by decreasing urine production
39
Vasopressin (ADH) from the pituitary gland responses to what? What does it do to counteract that?
Responses to a drop in BP Causes vasoconstriction Decreases urine production
40
Name the steps involving renin and angiotenisogen | ***********
Angiotenisogen---renin-----> angiotensin 1----ACE---->angiotensin 2
41
Name 3 characteristics of Angiotensin 2
powerful vasoconstrictor Release of aldosterone releases ADH
42
Where does Aldosterone come from?
adrenal cortex
43
What is Aldosterone responsible for?
sodium retension, which causes water reabsorption
44
What does water reabsorption mean in regards to BP?
increased blood volume, which leads to increased blood pressure
45
what causes the transformation from angiotensin to AGT 1?
renin
46
What is the long term mechanism for when atrial blood pressure increases?
Atrial Natiuretic Mechanism
47
How does Atrial Naiuretic mechanism work?
Stimulates urine production
48
What is a fluid shift mechanism? | **********
Movement of fluid from interstitial fluid into capillaries in response to a decrease in blood pressure to maintain blood volume
49
When in circulatory shock, baroreceptors and Adrenal medullary do what?
increase blood pressure
50
When in circulatory shock fluid shift does what?
increases blood volume
51
In severe shock what do chemoreceptors do?
Increase vasoconstriction, HR& force of contraction
52
What is responsible for death due to shock?
positive feedback mechanisms by causing a cycle of dropping BP
53
Thoroughfare channels extend from where?
relatively direct fashion from arterioles to venules
54
Veins greater than 2mm in diameter contain?
valves
55
What side of the body does not contain a brachiocephalic artery?
the left
56
The base of each internal carotid artery is slightly dialated to form a?
corotid sinus
57
The corotid sinus is contains what? | What is it important for?
baroreceptors | Monitoring blood pressure
58
What is the cerebral arterial circle?
At the base of the brain
59
The vertebral arteries that branch off the subclavian arteries supple blood where?
the brain
60
What is a portal system?
a vascular system that begins and ends with capillary beds and has no pumping mechanism between them
61
What is the hepatic portal system?
Carries blood through the veins from capillaries within abominal visera Nutrients are carried this way
62
What is blood pressure?
force blood exerts against the blood vessel walls
63
When ventricles contract and blood is forced into arteries and pressure reaches a maximum it is called?
systolic pressure
64
When blood in arteries falls to a minimum value it is called?
diastolic pressure
65
What is the auscultory method of determining blood pressure?
most used clinical way of detirmining blood pressure
66
A blood pressure cuff is connected to a __________
sphygmomanomter
67
Blood flow is?
the volume of blood that passes through a vessel per unit of time
68
What is the equation of blood flow?
Flow=P1-P2/R
69
Factors that represent resistance are represented how?
Resistance=128vl/pied4
70
What is the diameter of a round blood vessel?
distance from one side of blood vessel to the other
71
What is viscosity?
measure of the resistance of a liquid to flow
72
What is viscosity of blood largely influenced by?
hematocrit
73
Hematocrit is?
the percentage of the total blood volume composed of red blood cells
74
Peripheral resistance is what?
The sum of all the resistance to blood flow in all the blood vessels in body
75
What is the continual sympathetic stimulation of smooth muscle in the walls that keep them in a state of partial constriction?
Vasomotor tone
76
What does aortic pressure fluctuate between?
120 mmg HG and 80mm HG
77
What is vascular compliance?
tendency for blood vessel volume to increase as blood pressure increases
78
What is hydrostatic pressure?
Pressure or weight of gravity produced by a column of fluid due to effects of gravity
79
What is capillary exchange?
Movement of substances between capillaries and the interstitial fluids of tissues
80
What is local control?
Response of vascular smooth muscle to changes in tissue gases, nutrients and waste product levels
81
The vasomotor center is located in the __________ and does what?
medulla oblongata | transmits low frequency action potienals through sympathetic fibers to smooth muscle of blood vessels
82
Baroreceptors are?
sensory receptors that respond to stretch in arteries caused by increased blood pressure
83
Chemoreceptors are?
sensory receptors responding to chemicals such as O2, CO2 and ph
84
Where are peripheral chemoreceptors found?
found in carotid bodies, and aortic bodies
85
Where are central chemoreceptors found?
medulla oblongata
86
What is the CNS ischemic response?
When the central chemoreceptors stimulate the vasomotor center resulting in vasoconstriction that maintains or increases blood pressure
87
What are the veins in order from brain to heart?
dural venous sinus, internal jugular, brachiocephalic, superior vena cava
88
Name blood vessels in order from large intestine to IVC?
superior mesenteric, hepatic portal vein, hepatic vein
89
``` Out of these 4, which are superficial? Small saphenous Large saphenous Fibular Posterior tibial ```
Small saphenous, large saphenous
90
Resistance to blood flow is greatest in?
arterioles
91
An increase in mean arterial pressure can result in?
increase in peripheral resistance, heart rate, stroke volume
92
In response to an increase in mean arterial pressure, baroreceptor reflex causes?
a decrease in peripheral resistance
93
In response to a decrease in blood pressure what occurs?
ADH secretion increases, the kidneys decrease urine production, blood vol. increases
94
Severe arteriosclerosis of renal arteries would be considered?
hypertension

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (11 decks)

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