The Heart Flashcards
Do arteries carry blood towards or away from the heart?
Away
What are arterioles?
Smaller branches of arteries
What type of blood runs through arteries?
High oxygen blood
Do veins carry blood towards or away from the heart?
Towards the heart
What are venules?
Smaller branches of veins
What blood runs through veins?
Low oxygen blood
What is pulmonary circulation?
The right side of the heart (right atrium and the right ventricle)
What do the pulmonary arteries deliver?
Poorly oxygen blood to the lungs
What do pulmonary veins deliver?
The deliver high oxygen blood to the LEFT side of the heart
What is systemic circulation?
The left side of the heart (left atrium and the left ventricle)
What is the aorta?
A artery pumping blood from the left side of the heart into smaller arteries
What is the superior vena cava?
Where the veins merge superoirly
Where does the superior vena cava drain?
Into the right atrium
What is the inferior vena cava?
Where the veins merge inferiorly
Where does the inferior vena cava drain?
Into the right atrium
What is the pericardium?
The sac resisting movement of the heart
What is the fibrous pericardium?
The outer lining attaching to the diaphragm
What is the serous pericardium?
The inner lining
What is the parietal layer of the serous pericardium?
The layer attached to the wall
What is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium?
The layer attached to the heart
What is another name for the visceral layer?
The epicardium
What is the pericardial cavity?
The space between parietal and visceral layers
What is in the pericardial cavity?
Serous fluid
What are the three layers of the heart?
1) Epicardium
2) Myocardium
3) Endocardium
What is the epicardium?
The outer fat layer and the visceral layer of serous pericardium
What is the myocardium?
Th middle cardiac muscle layer of the heart
What happens in the myocardium?
Myocardial infractions can happen here
What is the endocardium?
The inner layer with endothelium lining
What are atriums and where are they located?
They are thin walls located superior to the ventricle
Where does the right atrium get blood from?
The systemic circuit (superior/inferior vena cavas, and the coronary sinus)
Where does the left atrium get blood from?
The pulmonary circuit (the pulmonary veins)
What are auricles?
The most anterior portion of the atriums
What are the ventricles?
The think inferior chambers
Where does blood exit the ventricles?
The pulmonary trunk and aorta
What is the fibrous skeleton?
The connective tissue between the atria and ventricles
What is the fibrous skeleton NOT?
It is not electrically conductive which prevents spastic conduction
What is the intraatrial septum?
It separates the right and left atriums
What is the fossa ovalis?
The depression that was once the foramen ovale
What are papillary muscles?
Muscles that help the AV values
What is chordae tendineae?
They attach to the cusps of the AV values that prevent the flaps from everting (going backwards)
What is the trabeculae carneae?
The ridges located in the ventricles
Where is the bicuspid value located?
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
How many flaps does the bicuspid value have?
Two flaps
Does the bicuspid value have chordae tendineae?
Yes
Does the bicuspid valve have papillary muscles?
Yes
Where in the aortic semilunar valve located?
Between the left ventricle and the aorta
Does the aortic semilunar valve have chordae tendineae or papillary muscles?
No it has neither
Where is the tricuspid valve (right AV valve) located?
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
How many flaps does the tricuspid valve have?
Three flaps
Does the tricuspid valve have chordae tendineae and papillary muscles?
Yes it has both
Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located?
Between the right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk
Does the pulmonary semilunar valve have chordae tendineae or papillary muscles?
No it has neither
What is the 14 step pathway of the blood?
1) right atrium
2) tricuspid valve (right AV valve)
3) right ventricle
4) pulmonary semilunar valve
5) pulmonary trunk
6) pulmonary arteries
7) lungs (gas exchange)
8) pulmonary veins
9) left atrium
10) bicuspid (mitral) valve
11) left ventricle
12) aortic semilunar valve
13) aorta
14) body
Where does the right atrium get the blood from?
- superior vena cava
- inferior vena cava
- coronary sinus
Where does the left atrium get its blood from?
- pulmonary veins
What is pericarditis?
Inflammation of visceral and parietal layers of the heart
What sound does pericarditis make?
It creates “fraction rub” sound
What can pericarditis lead to?
Leads to cardiac tamponade
What can pericarditis create?
Sharp pain
What is cardiac tamponade?
Pressure on the heart due to fluid
What is pulses paradoxus?
When you breath in and your pulse disappears
What does JVD stand for?
Jugular vein distention
What can JVD present as?
Veins in neck bulging due to increase pressure and fluid
What are the three parts of the coronary circuit?
1) L&R coronary arteries
2) cardiac vein
3) coronary sinus
What do the L&R coronary arteries do?
- they are the blood supply to the heart itself
Where do heart attacks happen?
In the L&R coronary arteries
Where do the L&R coronary arteries branch off?
At the ascending aorta
What do the cardiac veins pick up?
They pick up deoxygenated blood from the myocardial capillaries
What is the area where the coronary veins drain?
The coronary sinus
Where does the coronary sinus drain?
The right atrium
What is a valvular regurgitation?
A heart murmur
What is a heart murmur?
Blood flowing backwards through a closed valve
What can valvular regurgitation be caused by?
May be caused by infection (rheumatic fever, strep)
What is tachycardia?
Fast heart rate
What is bradycardia?
Slow heart rate
What is hypotension?
Low blood pressure which reduces blood flow to the ventricles
What is ischemia?
Inadequate supply of oxygen and blood to a body part
Is a myocardial ischemia painful or painless?
Painless
What is an angina pectoris ?
A lack of blood flow to the heart tissue causing death of the tissue
What are the 6 myocardial infractions?
1) heart attack
2) lock of blood flow
3) dead heart tissue
4) pain in the arm
5) pressure, crushing pain felt
6) coronary arteries
What is a sinoatrial (SA) node?
The peacemaker of the heart
What initiates the heartbeat?
The sinoatrial node
What receives impulses from the SA node?
The atrioventricular (AV) node
What does the atrioventrivular bundle receive impulses from?
It receives impulses from the AV node
How many bundles are in the atrioventricular bundle?
- one right bundle
- two left bundles
What do purkinje fibers do?
Conduct impulses
What does sympathetic innervation do?
Increase heart rate and contraction force
What does parasympathetic innervation do?
Decrease heart rate and has no effect on contraction force
What is vasovagal syncope?
Passing out due to hyperventilation
What is a systole?
The contraction of the chambers when blood is forced from another chamber or blood vessel
What is diastole?
The relaxation of the chambers when the chamber fills up with blood
What is cardiac output?
Amount of blood pumped from ventricles in one minute
What is the foramen ovale?
The opening in interartrial septum allowing for blood passage while in the womb
What is the septum primum?
Tissue that covers foramen ovale after first breath is taken after birth
What is the fossa ovalis?
The depression where the foramen ovale was covered by the septum primum
What are the three names for the failure of the septum primum to close?
- Patent foramen ovale
- perforated fossa ovalis
- atrial septal defect
