Axial Skeleton Flashcards
What is the Calvaria?
Upper portion of skull
What is the function of the Hyoid Bone?
Attachment for tongue, and neck muscles
What are Auditory Ossicles?
Inner ear - amplify and transfer sound
What are the three types of Auditory Ossicles?
Malleus, Incus, Stapes
What is the Hyoid Bone?
A bone that supports the tongue and is located in the neck
What is the frontal bone, and what suture is it fused by?
Single bone- fused by the coronal suture
What does the frontal bone contribute to?
- forehead
- anterior roof of cranium
- portion of nasal cavity
- superior arch of bony orbits
Supraorbital margin
Bone ridge over eyes
Parietal bones and what suture they are fused by?
Two separate bones fused with the sagittal suture
Regions of the temporal bone
- petrous region
- mastoid region
- squamous region
- tympanic region
What is apart of the petrous region
- internal auditory canal
- carotid canal
- jugular foramen
What does the jugular foramen allow?
Allows for drainage
What is apart of the mastoid region?
Mastoid process
What is the mastoid process
Hallow (mastoiditis) process used for muscle attachment
What is apart of the Squamous region
- Zygomatic process
- mandibular fossa - TMJ articulation
What is apart of the tympanic region
- styloid process
- External auditory canal
What is the styloid process used for
Attachment for muscles
Parts of the occipital bone
- foramen magnum
- occipital condyles
- superior/inferior nuchal lines
What is the foramen magnum used for?
It is the opening for the spinal cord
What do the occipital condyles articulate with?
It articulates with the Atlas (C1)
What are the superior/inferior nuchal lines?
Horizontal ridges used for muscle attachments
What are 8 parts of the Sphenoid bones
1) optic foramen
2) sella turcica
3) foramen rotundum
4) foramen lacerum
5) foramen ovale
6) foramen spinosum
7) superior orbital fissure
8) sphenoidal sinuses
Where is the foramen lacerum located?
Between temporal, sphenoid, and occipital bones
Where do the sphenoidal sinuses drain?
It drains into the nasal cavity
Parts of the Ethmoid bone
1) crista galli
2) cribiform plate
3) perpendicular plate
4) superior nasal conchae (turbinates)
5) middle nasal conchae (turbinates)
6) Ethmoidal sinuses
What is the crista galli an attachment for?
It is a attachment for falx cerebra (R&L portions)
What is the cribiform plate used for?
Has numerous foramina for passage of olfactory nerves
What would happen if the cribiform plate fractures?
It would allow for CSF to escape and bacteria to enter (meningitis)
Where is the perpendicular plate located?
It is the superior portion of the nasal septum
Where do the ethmoidal sinuses drain?
They drain into the nasal cavity
What are the 9 cranial bones?
1) parietal bone (x2)
2) frontal bone
3) sphenoid bone
4) ethmoid bone
5) occipital bone
6) temporal bone (x2)
7) sutural bone (wormian bones)
What are the 14 facial bones?
1) mandible
2) vomer
3) maxilla (x2)
4) lacrimal bone (x2)
5) nasal bone (x2)
6) zygomatic bone (x2)
7) palatine bone (x2)
8) Inferoir conchae (x2)
Parts of the zygomatic bone
- lateral margin of the orbits
- zygomatic arch
What does the zygomatic arch articulate with?
It articulates with the zygomatic process’
Parts of the lacrimal bone
- medial wall of orbits
- lacrimal groove
What is the lacrimal groove a passage for?
It is a passage for the nasolacrimal duct (drains tears into the nasal cavity)
What does the nasal bone help do?
It helps shape the nose
What is the vomer apart of?
The inferior posterior portion of the nasal septum
What is another name for the inferior nasal conchae?
The inferior nasal turbinates
The inferior nasal conchae is very _______?
Vascular
What does the palatine bone contribute to?
It contributes to the posterior portion of the hard palate and the orbits
Parts of the Maxillae
- Alveoli
- Infraorbital foramen
- Palatine processes
- Maxillary sinus
What are the Alveoli?
Sockets for the teeth of the upper jaw
What are the Infraorbital foramen used for?
For passage for nerves and blood vessels
What are the palatine processes?
The hard palate
What are some injuries of the maxillary sinus?
Crepitus: crackle sound of fractured maxillary sinus
Blowout fracture: fracture of orbit, allowing the eye to drop into the maxillary sinus
What are all 8 parts of the mandible?
1) Alveolar process
2) Ramus
3) Mandibular condyles - TMJ
4) Coronoid process
5) Mandibular notch
6) Angle of the mandible
7) Mental foramen
8) mandibular foramen
Where is the mandibular notch located?
Between the mandibular condyles and the coronoid process
Where and what is the mental foramen used for?
It is on the outside of the chin
It is used for the passage of the trigeminal nerve branch
What is the mandibular foramen used for?
Passage of the trigeminal nerve branch
What are the 8 parts of a vertebrae?
1) Body
2) Vertebral arch
3) Pedicles
4) Laminae
5) Vertebral foramen
6) Spinous process
7) Transverse process
8) Superior/inferior articular process
What is the vertebral foramen used for?
Passage of the spinal cord
What does the transverse process contain in C1-C7?
The transverse foramina
What are the two parts of the intervertebral disks?
1) Anulus fibrosus - rings outside
2) Nucleus pulposus - gel center
How many cervical vertebra are there?
7
What are the three important cervical vertebra
1) Atlas (C1)
2) Axis (C2)
3) Vertbral prominens (C7)
What are the characteristics of the cervical vertebra?
- Transverse foramen
- smaller bodies
- bifurcated spinous process
What are the characteristics of the Atlas and what does it articulate with?
- has no body, and a small spinous process
- the superior articulating process articulates with the occipital condyles
What is the landmark on the Axis?
The dens/odontoid process
What joints produce the yes and no motion?
- the atlantooccipital joint (atlas + occipital condyles) produce the yes motion
- the atlantoaxial joint (atlas + axis) produce the no motion
How many thoracic vertebra are there?
12
What are the characteristics of a thoracic vertebrae?
- downward spinous process
- looks like a giraffe
- coastal facets (on both body and transverse process)
How many lumbar vertebra are there?
5
What are the characteristics of lumbar vertebra?
- massive bodies
- no costal facets
- no transverse foramen
- largest vertebrae
What are lumbar vertebrae excellent sites for and where?
Spinal taps, specifically below L3
How many vertebrae are fused on the sacrum and coccyx?
5 on the sacrum
4 on the coccyx
What are the three types on curves that can happen to the spine?
1)Hyperkyphosis
2) Hyperlordorsis
3) Scoliosis
What is hyperkyphosis?
Excessive thoracic curvature
What is hyperlordosis?
Excessive anterior curvature of the lumbar
What is scoliosis?
Excessive lateral curvature
What are 2 injuries that can happen to the vertebral discs and what are they?
1) Herniated disc - annular tissue rips open and nucleus herniates
2) Bulging disc - a tear in the annular tissue allows bulging
Parts of the thoracic cage?
1) Sternum
2) Ribs
What are the three parts of the sternum?
1) Manubrium
2) Body/Gladiolus
3) Xiphoid
What are the landmarks on the manubrium?
- Clavicular notches (They articulate with the clavicles)
- Jugular notch (Suprasternal notch)
What landmarks are on the body on the sternum?
- costal notches
- sternal angle
What are the three types of ribs and how many are there?
- true ribs (1-7)
- false ribs (8-12)
- false/floating ribs (11-12)
How are the three types of ribs attached to the sternum?
-true ribs have direct costal attachment to the sternum
- false ribs have no direct costal attachment to the sternum
- floating ribs have no attachment to the sternum
5 parts of the rib
1) Head
2) Neck
3) Tubercle
4) costal angle
5) body
Important structures pass through the vertebral and intervertebral foramen in the vertebral column?
Intervertebral foramen: spinal nerves
Transverse foramen: nerves and vessels
Vertebral canal: spinal cord
Potential injuries to the spine
- strained muscle
- herniation of intervertebral disk
- dislocation of facets
- arthritis
- posture
- injury
What are some treatments for spinal injuries?
- bed rest
- chiropractor
- physical therapy
- positional exercise
- stretching and strengthening exercise
- injections
- surgery
What is flail chest and what are some signs of it?
When several adjacent ribs are broken in two or more places
- paradoxical motion (chest sinks in when breath in and bulge in when exhale) can be a sign of flail chest
What are the 7 parts of the axial skeleton?
1) cranial
2) facial
3) vertebrae
4) ribs
5) sternum
6) hyoid
7) auditory ossicles
What are fontanels and what are the functions?
- Fontanels are fibrous structures providing space between cranial bones
- They allow for movement of cranial bones during parturitaion (birth) and growth
What are the 4 cranial sutures and what bones are connected by them?
1) Coronal: separates frontal and parietal bones
2) Sagittal: separates parietal bones
3) Squamous: separates temporal and parietal bones
4) Lambdoidal: separates occipital and parietal bones
What bones are associated with eating?
-maxilla
- mandible
- palatine bones
What bone are associated with hearing?
Temporal bone
What bones are associated with sight?
Many - maxilla
People - palatine
See - sphenoid
Zebras - zygomatic
Falling - frontal
Like - lacrimal
Elephants - ethmoid
What are the three parts of the nasal septum?
1) Superior: perpendicular plate of ethmoid
2) Inferior: vomer
3) Anterior: septal nasal cartilage
What are the major foramen of the skull?
- foramen magnum
- supraorbital foramen
- carotid canal
- jugular foramen
- foramen ovale
- foramen rotundum
- optic foramen
- foramen spinosum
What does TMJ stand for and what makes it up?
TMJ - Temporalmandibular joint
- Temporal bone: mandibular fossa
- Mandible: mandibular condyle
What are the 4 sinuses in the skull?
1) Ethmoidal
2) Frontal
3) Sphenoidal
4) Maxillary
What are all the sinuses lined with?
Mucus and cilia
What do the sinuses do?
- humidify air
- lighten skull
- give resonance
- warm air
What is the hard palatine made of?
- palatine bones
- palatine process of the maxilla
What is craniosynostosis?
Premature fusion of any suture
