Articulations - General Flashcards
What are the structures of the joints?
Fibrous- held together with fibrous tissue
Cartilaginous- held together by cartilage
Synovial- covered in cartilage and synovial fluid
What are the functions of joints?
Synartroses- immoveable
Amphiarthroses- slightly moveable
Diarthroses- freely moveable (always synovial)
What are the 3 different types of fibrous joints?
1) gomphoses
2) suture
3) syndesmoses
What is gomphoses and what are some examples?
Gomphoses is held together by bone
Ex. Teeth- periodontal ligaments hold them into place
- synarthrosis
Where are suture joints found?
Between bones of the skull
- synarthrosis
What is syndesmoses and what are some examples?
Syndesmoses is fibrous joints in between certain bones?
Ex.
- radius to ulna
- tibia to fibula
- amphiarthroses
- interosseous membrane
What are the 2 different cartilaginous joints?
1) synchondroses
2) symphyses
What is synchondroses and what are some examples?
Synchondroses is joined together by hyaline cartilage
- synarthroses
Ex. Epiphyseal growth plate, costal cartilage
What is symphyses and where is it found?
Symphyses are pads of fibrocartilage between bones
Ex. Amphiarthroses, pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs
What are the 3 synovial diarthotic joints?
1) articular capsule
2) joint cavity
3) articular cartilage (hyaline)
What are the 2 parts of articular capsules and what are they?
1) fibrous capsule: dense connective tissue on the outside
2) synovial membrane: surrounds the articulating surfaces
What do synovial membranes secrete?
Synovial fluid
What does synovial fluid do?
Synovial fluid keeps the cartilage clean and healthy?
What is a joint cavity?
The space which contains the synovial fluid
What does articular cartilage do?
Reduces friction
What is mature cartilage called?
AVASCULAR
What are the 4 accessory synovial?
1) bursae: sac containing synovial fluid inside synovial membrane
2) tendon sheaths: elongated bursae around tendons
3) ligament: bone to bone
4) tendons: dense connective tissue, muscle to bone, helps stabilize the joint
What are the 3 movements of synovial joints?
1) uniaxial- moves in 1 place
2) biaxial- moves in 2 planes
3) multiaxial- moves in many planes (rotate)
What are the characteristics of diarthrotic- synovial- planter/gliding joints?
- uniaxial
- allow side to side movements (gliding)
- least moveable of diarthroses
What are some examples of diarthrotic- synovial- planar/gliding joints?
Intercapals, intertarsals, articulating processes of vertebrae
What are the characteristics of diarthrotic- synovial- hinge joints?
- uniaxial
- convex surface of one fits into concave surface of another
What are some examples of diarthrotic- synovial- hinge joints?
- tibiofemoral joint
- talocrural joint
- interphalangeal joint
- humeroulnar joint
- TMJ
What are the characteristics of diarthrotic- synovial- pivot joint?
- uniaxial
- rounded surface fits into ring formed by ligament and another bone
What are some examples of diarthrotic- synovial- pivot joint?
- proximal radioulnar
- atlantoaxial joint
What are the characteristics of a diarthrotic- synovial- condyloid joint?
- biaxial
- convex surface on one bone articulates with concave surface of other
What are some examples of a diarthrotic- synovial- condyloid joint?
- metacarpophalangeal joint (#2-#5)
- radiocarpal joint
What are the characteristics of a diarthrotic- synovial- saddle joint?
- biaxial
- concave in one direction is articulated with the convex surface of another
What are some examples of a diarthrotic- synovial- saddle joint?
- first carpometacarpal joint
- incus and malleus
- sternoclavicular joint
What are the characteristics of a diarthrotic- synovial- ball and socket joint?
- multiaxial
- head of one bone articulates with a socket of second bone
What are some examples of diarthrotic- synovial- ball and socket joint?
- acetabulofemoral joint
- glenohumeral joint
What are the 19 different movements?
1) flexion. 10) pronation
2) extension. 11) protraction
3) hyperextension 12) retraction
4) gliding. 13) opposition
5) lateral flexion. 14) elevation
6) abduction. 15) depression
7) adduction. 16) dorsiflexion
8) cirumduction. 17) plantarflexion
9) supination. 18) inversion
19) eversion
What is flexion?
Anterior posterior plane. Decreases angle between bones
What is extension?
Anterior posterior plane. Increases angle between the bones usually anatomical position
What is hyperextension?
Beyond 180*
What is gliding?
Movement of surface of two bones, angle doesn’t change
What is lateral flexion?
Coronal plane away from the body
(Primarily vertebra in cervical and lumbar regions)
What is abduction?
Moving away from midline
What is adduction?
Moving towards midline
What is circumduction?
Movement of distal end of body in a cone motion
(Proximal stays still)
What is supination?
Palm faces anterior (up)
What is pronation?
Palm is posterior and inferior (down)
What is protraction?
Movement of body part anteriorly
What is retraction?
Movement of body part posteriorly (back to AP)
What is opposition?
Movement of a body part
What is elevation?
Superior movement of a body part
What is depression?
Inferior movement of a body part
What are the 2 movements of talocrural joint?
1) dorsiflexion: Bend foot up
2) plantarflexio: bend foot down
What are the 2 movements of intertarsal joint?
1) inversion: movement of foot in (medial)
2) eversion: movement of foot out (lateral)
What does synarthroses mean?
Means not moveable
What does amphiarthroses mean?
Means semi-moveable
What does diarthroses mean?
Means freely moveable
1) uniaxial
2) biaxial
3) multiaxial
What is inversion?
Movement of the foot in (medial)
What is eversion?
Movement of the foot out (lateral)
What is dorsiflexion?
Bending of the foot up
What is plantarflexion?
Bending of the foot down
