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CMBM exam 4 > The Gut Microbiota ad Microbiome > Flashcards

The Gut Microbiota ad Microbiome Flashcards

1
Q

What was the findings in the Commensal Bacterial paper?

A

Antibiotic treatment abolished mating preference suggesting that the fly microbiota was responsible for the phenomenon

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2
Q

What does the human microbiota consist of?

A

All microorganisms inhabiting our body including viruses, prokaryotes, protozoa and fungi

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3
Q

How many cells are in the body?

A

10^18 cells

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4
Q

What special system can microbiota be referred to as?

A

Pseudo-organ

same mass as the liver

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5
Q

What is a genome?

A

The complete genetic material of an organism

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6
Q

What is a proteome?

A

The full complement of all proteins

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7
Q

Glyco(proteo)me

A

Full complement of sugars/glycoproteins

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8
Q

Kinome

A

Full complement of kinases

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9
Q

Metallone

A

All the metals found in an organism

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10
Q

Metallproteome

A

All metalloproteins found

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11
Q

Transcriptome

A

All possible mRNA transcripts

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12
Q

Exome

A

Complete coding region of a genome

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13
Q

Microbiome

A

Genes from all possible microbes living in a particular niche

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14
Q

What is bioinformatics?

A

A new field created to analyze this data

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15
Q

What does the human microbiome consist of?

A

Genes in these microorganisms inhabiting our body including viruses, prokaryotes and protozoa
More than 100x more unique genes that human genome

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16
Q

Where are some locations of microbiota in the gut?

A

Stomach, doudenum, jejunum, ileum, distal and proximal colon

17
Q

What do you need to consider about microbiota or microbiome?

A

Local (microbiotia - specific to tissue/region)
Core (microbiotia - community population)
Metagenome (microbiome - encoded genes)
Core metagenome (pool of genes common in community)
Mobile metagenome (mobile genetic elements which can transfer antiobiotic resistance

18
Q

How do you examine a core metagenome - organism?

A

Metatransciptomics (gene expression) and metaproteomics (protein expression)

19
Q

What types of bacteria would you expect to see in the gut?

A

Firmicutes (Clostridia and Eubacteria)

Bacteroidetes (Bacteroides)

20
Q

What are the types of techniques in which microbiotic are study?

A 
FISH
T-RFLP
Real-time PCR
Phylogenetic Microarray 
Pyrosequencing
21
Q

What are some problem with studying the metagenome of the GI tract?

A

Contamination, artifacts, sampling, spatial/temporal variability, standardization

22
Q

What is the field of metagenomics designed to identify the genetic determinants involved in health and promoting probiotic bacteria?

A

Probiogenomics

23
Q

Enterotype

A

Clusters if bacterial species that are shared among different groups of people

24
Q

What are diagnostic biomarkers?

A

12 bacterial genes which significantly correlation with human age and three functional modules (genes) with correlate with BMI

25
Q

Dysbiosis

A

Abnormal microbial ecosystem in host

26
Q

What does the dysbiosis correlate to?

A

Cause and progression of a number of disease states

27
Q

When you treat a GI issue what is actually happening?

A

The pt and the microbiota are being treated for “microecological disease”

28
Q

How do neonate tissues adapt to the challenges of microbial colonization?

A

Colostrum and breast milk contain live microbes, metabolites, IgA, immune cells and cytokines

29
Q

What does IgA do when transmitted from mother to baby?

A

Restricts immune activation and microbial attachment

30
Q

What is the developing immune system characterized by?

A

Blunted inflammatory cytokine production and skewed T and B cell development in favor of regulatory responses

31
Q

What does the microbiota help stimulate in terms of structure?

A

Secondary lymphoid structure developement like Peyer’s patches or CD4+ cells

32
Q

What promotes the induction of regulatory T cells by direct sensing of microbial products or metabolites?

A

Commensals

33
Q

The capacity for microbiotic to stimulate innate responses is part of ______ immunity.

A

Adaptive

34
Q

Which extracellular pathogenic bacteria is one of the largest producers of human diseases of microbiota?

A

Group A strep

35
Q

What are the two cells GAS delivers into cells once in adhered in mammals?

A

Streptolysis O and S

36
Q

In the lung microbiota and dietary treatment paper was the final point?

A

These studies provide evidence that LDP exposure enhances the HFD metabolic effects

37
Q

How could microbiota influence obesity?

A

It can increase serum levels of glucose and SCFAs which can induce triglyceride production in the liver
The microbiota regulates angiopoietin-like protein 4 (Fiaf) - fasting-induced adipose factor which regulates fatty acids oxidation in both muscle and adipose tissue

38
Q

What are some way that have bee attempted to have bacteria “fix” things?

A

Probiotics, prebiotics as sunbiotics
Phage and virus
Narrow spectrum antibiotics

CMBM exam 4 (27 decks)

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