The Gut Microbiota ad Microbiome Flashcards
What was the findings in the Commensal Bacterial paper?
Antibiotic treatment abolished mating preference suggesting that the fly microbiota was responsible for the phenomenon
What does the human microbiota consist of?
All microorganisms inhabiting our body including viruses, prokaryotes, protozoa and fungi
How many cells are in the body?
10^18 cells
What special system can microbiota be referred to as?
Pseudo-organ
same mass as the liver
What is a genome?
The complete genetic material of an organism
What is a proteome?
The full complement of all proteins
Glyco(proteo)me
Full complement of sugars/glycoproteins
Kinome
Full complement of kinases
Metallone
All the metals found in an organism
Metallproteome
All metalloproteins found
Transcriptome
All possible mRNA transcripts
Exome
Complete coding region of a genome
Microbiome
Genes from all possible microbes living in a particular niche
What is bioinformatics?
A new field created to analyze this data
What does the human microbiome consist of?
Genes in these microorganisms inhabiting our body including viruses, prokaryotes and protozoa
More than 100x more unique genes that human genome
Where are some locations of microbiota in the gut?
Stomach, doudenum, jejunum, ileum, distal and proximal colon
What do you need to consider about microbiota or microbiome?
Local (microbiotia - specific to tissue/region)
Core (microbiotia - community population)
Metagenome (microbiome - encoded genes)
Core metagenome (pool of genes common in community)
Mobile metagenome (mobile genetic elements which can transfer antiobiotic resistance
How do you examine a core metagenome - organism?
Metatransciptomics (gene expression) and metaproteomics (protein expression)
What types of bacteria would you expect to see in the gut?
Firmicutes (Clostridia and Eubacteria)
Bacteroidetes (Bacteroides)
What are the types of techniques in which microbiotic are study?
FISH T-RFLP Real-time PCR Phylogenetic Microarray Pyrosequencing
What are some problem with studying the metagenome of the GI tract?
Contamination, artifacts, sampling, spatial/temporal variability, standardization
What is the field of metagenomics designed to identify the genetic determinants involved in health and promoting probiotic bacteria?
Probiogenomics
Enterotype
Clusters if bacterial species that are shared among different groups of people
What are diagnostic biomarkers?
12 bacterial genes which significantly correlation with human age and three functional modules (genes) with correlate with BMI
Dysbiosis
Abnormal microbial ecosystem in host
What does the dysbiosis correlate to?
Cause and progression of a number of disease states
When you treat a GI issue what is actually happening?
The pt and the microbiota are being treated for “microecological disease”
How do neonate tissues adapt to the challenges of microbial colonization?
Colostrum and breast milk contain live microbes, metabolites, IgA, immune cells and cytokines
What does IgA do when transmitted from mother to baby?
Restricts immune activation and microbial attachment
What is the developing immune system characterized by?
Blunted inflammatory cytokine production and skewed T and B cell development in favor of regulatory responses
What does the microbiota help stimulate in terms of structure?
Secondary lymphoid structure developement like Peyer’s patches or CD4+ cells
What promotes the induction of regulatory T cells by direct sensing of microbial products or metabolites?
Commensals
The capacity for microbiotic to stimulate innate responses is part of ______ immunity.
Adaptive
Which extracellular pathogenic bacteria is one of the largest producers of human diseases of microbiota?
Group A strep
What are the two cells GAS delivers into cells once in adhered in mammals?
Streptolysis O and S
In the lung microbiota and dietary treatment paper was the final point?
These studies provide evidence that LDP exposure enhances the HFD metabolic effects
How could microbiota influence obesity?
It can increase serum levels of glucose and SCFAs which can induce triglyceride production in the liver
The microbiota regulates angiopoietin-like protein 4 (Fiaf) - fasting-induced adipose factor which regulates fatty acids oxidation in both muscle and adipose tissue
What are some way that have bee attempted to have bacteria “fix” things?
Probiotics, prebiotics as sunbiotics
Phage and virus
Narrow spectrum antibiotics
