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CMBM exam 4 > Regulation of Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism > Flashcards

Regulation of Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What are the seven metabolic pathways?

A

Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, Glycogen metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation and amino acid metabolism

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2
Q

NADH carries e- from _____ is called _____.

A

Breakdown, catabolism

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3
Q

NADPH carries e- for ____ is called _____.

A

Biosynthesis, anabolism

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4
Q

What is the link between glucose pathways?

A

Glucose 6-phosphate

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5
Q

What are the three pathway products that become of glucose breakdown?

A

Glycogen, pyruvate, ribose 5-phosphate

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6
Q

What are the key links between all pathways?

A

Glucose-6-P, pyruvate, acetyl CoA

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7
Q

What step causes pyruvate to become acetyl CoA and why is it impossible to reverse the reaction?

A

Deccarboxylation

The reverse rxn is not energetically favorable

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8
Q

How are the major metabolic pathways regulated?

A

Compartmentalization in the cell
Reciprocal regulation of metabolic pathway enzyme
Organ specialization
Hormone regulation

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9
Q

What are the regulatory organs for metabolic pathways ?

A

Brain, muscle, cardiac muscle, adipose, kidney, liver

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10
Q

What is the primary fuel for the brain and what does it use in the absence of that fuel?

A

Glucose, ketone bodies

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11
Q

Why are fatty acids not generally used as brain fuel?

A

Take to long to break down, though they can cross the BBB

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12
Q

If the glucose level in the brain is less than 2.2 mM what could occur?

A

Coma and death

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13
Q

What fuels can muscles use?

A

Glucose, fatty acid, ketone bodies

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14
Q

Pyruvate is used to generate ____ which regenerates NAD+ for ____.

A

Lactate, glycolysis

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15
Q

What are the two factors that decrease the efficiency of muscles?

A

Lactic acid and dec of pH

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16
Q

Lactate is moved to the liver and what cycle does it enter to be made useful again?

A

Gluconeogenesis after being converted back to pyruvate

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17
Q

What substance in skeletal muscle has the ability to regenerate ATP from ADP?

A

Phosphocreatine

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18
Q

In the starvation state what substance does muscle break down?

A

Amino acids

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19
Q

Because muscles cannot breakdown ammonia, what happens to the amino group instead?

A

Alanine aminotransferase transfers the amino group to pyruvate to make alanine

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20
Q

Does the cardiac muscle store its glycogen reserves?

A

No where because it doesn’t have any

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21
Q

What are the primary fuel of cardiac muscle?

A

Fatty acids

Ketone bodies are second

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22
Q

Once converted to triaglycerols where are fatty acids shipped to and what takes them there?

A

Adipose, VLDL

23
Q

What cuts up the free fatty acids?

A

Lipase

24
Q

What must be generated to make TAG?

A

Glycerol-3-P

25
Q

When blood glucose is low _____ activates lipase to hydrolze adipose ____ to release free fatty acids/glycerol.

A

Glucagon, TAG

26
Q

What does glycerol stimulate in the liver?

A

Gluconeogenesis

27
Q

What is the primary role of the kidney?

A

Excrete water soluble waste

28
Q

What can the kidney do during prolonged starvation?

A

Produce up to 50% of blood glucose

29
Q

What are the general functions of the liver in metabolic regulation?

A

Maintains blood glucose
Regulates all metabolites in the blood
Can store up to a day of energy as glycogen
Produced fatty acids for storage in the fed state
Produces ketone bodies in starvation

30
Q

Why does the liver use glucokinase instead of hexokinase?

A

Glucokinase has a lower Km for glucose and the liver doesn’t want to use too much of the glucose it makes

31
Q

What are the only organ which have glucose-6-P for maintain glucose levels?

A

Kidney and liver

32
Q

Can the liver use ketone bodies? Why or why not?

A

No because the liver doesn’t have CoA transferase

33
Q

Where is (nor)epinephrine released from?

A

Adrenal gland

34
Q

What does epinephrine stimulate in the liver?

A

Gluconeogenesis and glycogen phosphorylase

35
Q

What does epinephrine inactive in the liver?

A

Glycogen synthase (no glucose metabolism)

36
Q

What does epinephrine promote in muscles?

A

Glycolysis (raises Fruc-2,6,BP to activate PFK)

37
Q

What does epinephrine promote in adipose?

A

Mobilization of fatty acids`

38
Q

What are the metabolic effects of epinephrine on physiological rate?

A

Inc heart rate
Inc blood pressure
In dilation of respiratory passage
Inc delivery of O2 to tissues

39
Q

What are the metabolic effects of epinephrine on the actual metabolism?

A 
Inc glycogen breakdown (muscle, liver)
Dec glycogen synth (muscle liver)
Inc Gluconeogenesis (liver)
Inc glycolysis (muscle)
Inc fatty acid mobilization (adipose)
Inc glucagon secretion
Dec insulin secretion
40
Q

Low blood glucose causes release of _____ from ____ in pancrease islet cells.

A

Glucagon, a-cells

41
Q

What does glucose stimulate in the liver?

A

Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

42
Q

What does glucose inhibit in the liver?

A

Glycogen synth and glycolysis

43
Q

What does glucose activate in adipose?

A

Lipase to mobilize fatty acids and glycerol

44
Q

High blood glucose causes release of ____ from ____ in pancreas is

A

Insulin, b-cells

45
Q

What does insulin increase is tissues?

A

Rate of glucose uptake

46
Q

What does insulin activate in the liver?

A

Glycogen synthase, stimulates FA biosynth

47
Q

What does insulin inactivate in the liver?

A

Phosphorylase (storage)

48
Q

What does insulin stimulate in adipose?

A

Uptake of FAs from VLDLs and TAG synth

49
Q

What is cortisol?

A

Steroid hormone that indicates long-term stress

50
Q

Where is cortisol produced from and how does it work?

A

Adrenal cortex, acts slowly by changing expression of metabolic enzyme genes
Passes thorugh plasma membrane and binds to nuclear receptors

51
Q

What does cortisol stimulate in adipose?

A

Release of FAs

52
Q

What does cortisol stimulate in muscle?

A

Breakdown of proteins, export of AA for gluconeogensis

53
Q

What does cortisol increase in the liver?

A

Levels pf pyruvate carboxylase to stimulate gluconeogensis

CMBM exam 4 (27 decks)

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