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CMBM exam 4 > Introduction to Parasites > Flashcards

Introduction to Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of protozoa?

A

Unicellular, aerobic heterotrophs, present where there is a lot of water, reproduce by budding, schizogoy and sex and can produce cysts

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2
Q

What is schizogony?

A

Multiple division of the nucleus before cell division

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3
Q

Where would you find entamoeba histolytica?

A

Poorly sanitized environment and around homosexual males

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4
Q

Which amoeba is the only pathogenic among all intestinal amoebae?

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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5
Q

Mammals can be infected with entamoeba histolytica but;

A

do not shed cysts with their feces

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6
Q

Where does the trophozoite entamoeba histolytica of exist?

A

Only in the host and fresh feces

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7
Q

Where do the cysts of entamoeba histolytica survive?

A

Outside of the host in water and soils and on food

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8
Q

How many nuclei does the trophozoites of entamoeba histolytica have? The cysts?

A

1, 4

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9
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of entamoeba histolytica?

A

Asymptomatic carriers
Collitis and deep, tear drop ulcer formation
Watery stool with mucus and blood
Extra-intestinal infection

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10
Q

How is entamoeba histolytica treated?

A

Metronidazole

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11
Q

Where would you find giardia lamblia and how is it translated?

A

Lakes, streams, prisons and day cares

Fecal-oral

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12
Q

What is the reservoir for giardia lamblia?

A

Human and animals where cysts are in the feces

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13
Q

How many nuclei does the giardia lamblia trophozoite have? The cyst?

A

2, 4

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14
Q

What does giardia lamblia cause and how does it do this?

A

Malabsoprtion because the organism coats the distal villi

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15
Q

What are the clinical signs of giardia lamblia?

A 
Watery, foul smelling diarrhea 
Cramps and flatulence
Abdominal distention
Disaccharidase deficiency (lactose intolerance) 
Dehydration
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16
Q

What happens with pts who have an IgA deficiency who acquire giardia lamblia?

A

Predisposed to symptomatic infection

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17
Q

What is cryptosporidium parvum and what is it associated with?

A

GI protozoa

Diarrhea in the immunocompromised

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18
Q

Where can you find cryptosporidium parvum and why there?

A

Public swimming pools because its resistant to chlorine

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19
Q

In an immuno-competent person what would cryptosporidium parvum cause?

A

Mild-self limiting entercolitis (diarrhea, vomiting, ab pain) and spontaneous remission

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20
Q

If an immunocompromised pt acquires cryptosporidium parvum what could happen to them?

A

50 or more stools per day
Dehydration
Lasts for months
Common in AIDS patients

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21
Q

What is the treatment for cryptosporidium parvum?

A

Self-limiting in healthy
Lethal in AIDS
No effective therapy
maybe azithromycin

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22
Q

What type of parasite is a toxoplasma gondii?

A

Apicomplexa

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23
Q

What is the host for toxoplasma gondii?

A

Kitties

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24
Q

How does toxoplasma gondii reproduce?

A

Asexually and sexually inside the cells

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25
Q

What is the role of human in toxoplasma gondii?

A

Intermediate host

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26
Q

In the asexual tissue cycle, toxoplasma gondii enters a phase of motility and can produce disease. It’s called;

A

Tachyzoites

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27
Q

The non-motile phase of toxoplasma gondii is called;

A

Bradyzoites

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28
Q

If a pt who is immunocompromised contacts toxoplasma gondii what would you see in terms of symptoms?

A

Focal neurological deficits, tetinochoroditis or pneumonitis

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29
Q

If a pregnant mother has toxoplasma gondii what could happen to the infant?

A

Hydrocephalus, heptaospenomegaly, jaundice, fever, anemia, pneumonia

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30
Q

How can toxoplasma gondii be prevented?

A

Clean litter box daily

Cook meat and fish completely through

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31
Q

What are the two types of Trypansomas?

A

T. cruzi (america) and T. bruci (africa)

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32
Q

T. cruzi and T. bruci look very similar. Where do they both get their energy from?

A

A kinetoplast

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33
Q

Where would you be likely to find Tryanosoma cruzi?

A

Central and South America

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34
Q

What transmits T. cruzi?

A

Reduviid - kissing bug

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35
Q

What is the inflammation at the site of infection called when made by the thing that transmits T. cruzi?

A

Chagoma

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36
Q

What is Romana’s sign for T. cruzi?

A

Painless perobital swelling

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37
Q

What is the clinical manifestation of tryansoma cruzi?

A

Chaga’s disease

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38
Q

What are the chronic symptoms associated with T. cruzi?

A

2/3 of patients will have dialated cardiomyopathies

1/3 of patients present with megacolon and megaesophagus

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39
Q

What is the treatment for T. cruzi?

A

Nifurtimox

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40
Q

What transmits T. bruci?

A

The glossina fly/ Tse Tse fly

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41
Q

When the lymph becomes englarged due to a T.bruci infection what is it called?

A

Winterbottom’s sign

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42
Q

What is the clinical manifestion of T. bruci?

A

African sleeping sickness

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43
Q

How can T. bruci cause CNF problems?

A

Because it can cross the blood brain barrier

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44
Q

What are the symptoms of African sleeping sickness?

A

Tremors of tongue and eyelids
Mental dullness and progressive apathy
Neurological symptoms
Rapid weight loss, anemia and coma

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45
Q

What are the cutaneous forms of leishmania?

A

L. tropica
L. major
L. aethiopica
L. mexicana

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46
Q

What is the visceral leishmania?

A

L. donovani

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47
Q

What is the mucocutaneous leishmania?

A

L. brazilliensis

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48
Q

What is the the treatment for T. bruci?

A

Suramin

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49
Q

How is Leishmania transmitted?

A

Sand flies
Animal to human
Human-sandfly-human

50
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of cutaneous leishmaniasis?

A

Most common form, relatively benign self-healing skin lesions

51
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of muscocutaneous leishmaniasis?

A

Simple skin lesions that metastasize to mucosae (nose and mouth)

52
Q

What is the clinical manifestation of viseral leishmaniasis?

A

Kala-Azar fever
Skin, lymph, bone marrow, liver and spleen invovlement
Generalized infection of the reticuloendothelial system, hepatosplenomegaly
High mortality

53
Q

If you saw a helmenth what clues would let you know it was a cestode?

A

Segmented plane
No body cavity or digestive tube
Hermaphroditic
Oral suckers, botridias and double rostellar hooks

54
Q

What features would be expected of a trematode?

A 
Unsegmented plane
No body cavity
Digestive tube ending in a cecum 
Hermaphroditic except Schistosoma 
Oral suckers and ventral suckers
55
Q

What features would be expected from a nematode?

A

Cylindrical
Body cavity and digestive tracks that ends with anus
Dioecious
Lips, teeth, extremities and dentary planes

56
Q

What is the colloquial name for cestodes?

A

Tapeworms

57
Q

What are the general characteristics of cestodes?

A

Scolex (head)
Segmented body and suckers
Eosinophillia

58
Q

What specific features would you see of taenia saginata (beed tapeworm)?

A

Scolex with 4 suckers
No hooks
Usually asymptomatic

59
Q

Where would you find the cysticosis for Taenia saginata?

A

Cow muscle which are infected by human waste

Humans are the host only to the adult worm

60
Q

What specific features would you see of Taenia solium (pork tapeworm)?

A

Scolex with 4 suckers and circle of hooklets

61
Q

What is the treatment for taenia saginata?

A

Praziquantel

Albendazole

62
Q

At what stage of the taenia solium life cycle are humans the host?

A

Definitive or intermediate host

63
Q

What are the clinical manifestation of taenia solium?

A

Adult worms generally asymptomatic
Larvae penetrate intestines, enter blood and encyst the brain leading to hydrocephalus, motor spasm, loss of vision, meningitis, seizures
Larvae that encyst other organs are generally asymptomatic

64
Q

Where is taenia solium prevalence high?

A

Mexico

65
Q

What is the treatment for taenia solium?

A

Praziquiantel and Albendazole can kills cysts but death of larvae may cause inflammation
Corticosteroids vs. edema and inflam

66
Q

How could Diphyllobothrum latum (fish tapeworm) be visualized?

A

Yellow with dark markings
3 -15 m long
Long life span
Scolex with 2 sucking grooves

67
Q

How do crustaceans aquire D. latum and who becomes a host?

A

Ingest eggs in fresh water

Humans and dogs

68
Q

What is the host cycle for D.latum?

A

1st intermediate - crustacean
2nd intermediate - fish
Definitive - human

69
Q

What are the specific life stages of the D. latum?

A

Coracidium (egg in feces)
Procercoid (in crustacean)
Plerocercoid larvae (in fish)

70
Q

What are the clinical signs of D. latum?

A

Asymptomatic mostly
Abdominal discomfort and cramps
Diarrhea and constipation cycles
Megaloblastic anemia - dec B12

71
Q

What is the treatment for D. latum?

A

Praziquantel

72
Q

What are the general properties of Echinococcus granulosus (dog tapeworm)?

A

Found in dogs and sheep
Scolex with 3 proglottids
Rostulum 4 suckers
2 rows of hooks

73
Q

What are the clinical manifestation of E. granulosus?

A

Hydatid cysts
Occurs when hyadid cyst is 8-10cm
Travel from liver to brain to and once big enough can compress vital structures and erode into biliary tact or bronchus
Fever and hypotension

74
Q

What is the most common tape worm in the US?

A

Hymenolepsis nana (dwarf tapeworm)

75
Q

Where does H. nana complete its life cycle?

A

Both larval and adult forms maybe be found in humans

76
Q

What is the direct transmission of H. nana?

A

Ingestion of effs that hatch in duodenum (autoinfection)

77
Q

What is the indirect transmission of H. nana?

A

Ingestion of ingested arthropod

78
Q

What are the symptoms of H. nana?

A

Praziqantel

79
Q

How would nematodes (round worms) be characterized?

A

Unsegmented, bilaterally symmetric, body “cuticle”, triploblastic (fluid filled cavity, psudeocoelom, hydrostatic skeleton)
Can be free living

80
Q

What does the digestive tract of a nematode look like?

A

Complete

81
Q

Nematodes are dioecious, but how do you tell a man wiggly from a lady wiggly?

A

Males have a bent tail and females do not

82
Q

Which is one of the largest nematodes in the world?

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

83
Q

How could an infection of ascaris lumbricoides be obtained?

A

Soil contaminated with human feces

84
Q

What is the pathogenesis of ascaris?

A

Ingestion of eggs > Eggs hatch in small intestine > Larvae released > Penetrate intestinal wall > Portal circulation > Liver > Heart > lungs > from lungs coughed up and swallowed > back to intestines as adult

85
Q

What are the clinical signs for ascaris lumbricoides?

A

Migration - hemorrhagic/ eosinophillic pneumonia, cough (loeffler’s syndrome)
Intestinal obstruction - intestinal rupture
Parasite proteins that are allergenic - asthma, hives

86
Q

How could you acquire Ancylostoma duodenale?

A

Larvae can penetrate skin, generally through people walking barefoot

87
Q

Where would Ancylostoma duodenale be found in the body and what does it cause?

A

It attaches to GI mucous causing blood and fluid loss
microcytic hypochromic iron deficiency anemia
Pot-belly, finger clubbing and PICA (eats dirt)

88
Q

Which species does Enterobius Vermicularis (pin worms) infect?

A

Humans

89
Q

Where do the Enterobius Vermicularis infect and where do they migrate to?

A

Colon and travel to the perianal region at night to lay eggs

90
Q

How is a person reinfected by Enterobius Vermicularis?

A

By scratching the infected area

“Pruritus ani”

91
Q

What is the test that determines an Enterobious Vermicularis infection?

A

Scotch tape test

92
Q

What is the treatment for Enterobious Vermicularis?

A

Albendazole kills adults

93
Q

How could Anisakis be acquired?

A

Infection due to infected water or raw saltwater seafood

94
Q

What are the symptoms associated with Aniskais?

A

Gastroenteritis, Eosinophilia, occult blood in stool

95
Q

How is a person infected with Trichuris trichiura (whipworm)?

A

Infection from soil contaminated with human feces

96
Q

Where does the adult form of trichuris trichiura inhabit in the host?

A

Cecum and large intestine

97
Q

What are the symptoms of a trichuris trichiura infection?

A

Tenesmus, malnutrition, diarrhea

Prolapse of rectum

98
Q

Where would Strongyloides strocrailis most likely be found and how is its contracted?

A

Tropical areas

Infection through ingestion or larval penetration

99
Q

How would Strongyloides be diagnosed and what are the clinical signs?

A

Larva in stool, no eggs present

Itching, blotching, wheezing (pneumo), diarrhea, weight loss

100
Q

What parasite is associated with under-cooked pork or bear?

A

Trichinella spiralis

101
Q

How is Trichinella spiralis diagnosed and what are the clinical signs?

A

Encysted larva in striated muscle (adult intestines)

Trichinosis - gastroenteritis, fever, muscle pains, periorbital edema, eosinophilia

102
Q

What would you treat Trichinella spiralis with?

A

Thiabendazole

103
Q

How is Wuchereria bancrofti transmitted?

A

Larvae transmitted though female Anopheles mosquito bite

104
Q

What are the clinical signs of Wuchereria bancrofti?

A

Filarisasis - obstruction of lymphatics leading to edema, lymphangitis, cellulites
Elephantiasis - result from chronic and repeat infection
tropical pulmonary eosinophilia
Chlyuria (microfilariae in urine)

105
Q

What is the treatment for Wuchereria bancrofti?

A

Diethycarbamazine and Ivermedtin (microfilariae)

106
Q

Where would Oncocerca volvulus be found and what transmits it?

A

Africa and Central America

Transmitted by female blackfly

107
Q

What are the clinical signs of Oncocerca volvulus?

A

Subcutaneous inflam and pruritus

River blindness due to microfilariage

108
Q

How is Oncocerca volvulus treated?

A

Ivermectin

109
Q

What is Dracunculus medinensis referred to as?

A

Guinea Fire Worm disease

110
Q

How can you attain Drancunculus medinensis and how do you remove it?

A

Drinking infected water where little crustacenas live

Use a stick which they wrap around over the course of a few days

111
Q

What are the characteristics of trematodes?

A

Dorso-ventrally flattened, unsegmented, snails are always intermediate, hermaphroditic (except blood flukes), 2 radial striated suckers, incomplete digestive tract
Most made of reproductive organs

112
Q

Where does Fascioloa hepatica (sheep liver fluke) live in the host?

A

Bile ducts of sheep

113
Q

What is the defining feature of Fasciola hepatica?

A

Prominent cephalic cone

114
Q

What is the life cycle of Fasciola hepatica?

A

Eggs hatch and become miracidium in water which does into snails, then free swimming cercariae are released and collects on plants which are then eaten by humans

115
Q

What are the clinical signs of Fasciola hepatica?

A

Biliary obstruction
Gall stones
Elevated blood bilirubin
Cirrhosis

116
Q

Where would you find Clonocrchis sinensis (chinese liver fluke) on the earth and in the body?

A

Far east, southeast Asia, Russia

Adult worms in intrahepatic biliary tract

117
Q

How could Chonocrchis sinensis be contracted?

A

Eating undercooked fish

118
Q

What are the clinical signs of Chonocrchis sinesis?

A

RUQ pain
Jaundice
Heptatomegaly
Adenomatus hyperplasia (Cholangiocarcinoma)

119
Q

What is the defining visual feature of the Paragonimus westermani egg and adult?

A

Operculum around egg

Adults encapsulated in a granuloma

120
Q

If a Paragonimus westermani cyst ruptures what symptoms may occur?

A

Cough and chest pain

121
Q

What are the clinical signs of Paragonimus westermani?

A

Cerebral paragonimiasis

Head aches, fever, nausea, visual disturbances and convulsive seizures

CMBM exam 4 (27 decks)

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