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CMBM exam 4 > Mechanism of Host Defense > Flashcards

Mechanism of Host Defense Flashcards

1
Q

What are the host defenses against extracellular microbes?

A

Innate (phagocytes and complement)
Antibody
CD4 (Th17 and Th2)

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2
Q

What are the host defenses against intracellular microbes?

A

Innate (NK and macrophages)
CD4 (Th1)
CD8

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3
Q

What are the host defenses against viruses, specifically recovery from infection?

A

Innate (Type 1 Interferon - a-IFN and K cells

Adaptive (CTL - most important)

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4
Q

What are the host defense against viruses, specifically protection from re-infection or infection following vaccination?

A

Neutralizing antibody

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5
Q

What does the type of defense depend on in an infection?

A

Extracellular
Toxigenic
Intracellular

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6
Q

What is the immune defense pattern against extracellular bacteria?

A

Complement and antibacterial IgG > Opsonization and Acute inflammation > neutrophils > phagocytosis

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7
Q

In a virus infected cell, type 1 IFN does what to the cell?

A

Inc expression of class I MHC molecules on infected cells so CTLs (CD8) can kill it

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8
Q

In an uneffected cell during a viral attack, what happens when the class 1 IFN induces the antiviral state?

A

Induction of enzymes that block viral replication

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9
Q

In an infected cell, what is missing that an NK cell recognizes and why is it missing?

A

MHC class 1 is missing because viruses do not want cytotoxic T cells to find them via MHC

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10
Q

What is the attack pattern for cyotoxic T cells ?

A

Antigen recognition and conjugate formation > CTL activation > granule exocytosis > detachment of CTL > target death

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11
Q

What is the main mechanism for toxin defense?

A

Antibody specifically anti-toxin (neutralizing) antibody

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12
Q

What is the defense against and intracellular bacteria?

A

Bacteria infects a macrophage so Th1 cells produce gamma-IFN or seretes cc-chemokines to recruit mononuclear cells

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13
Q

If an infected macrophage is not “cured” what occurs?

A

Mononuclear cells surround infected mac because it can’t be killed and a granuloma forms

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14
Q

What are the defense components against extracellular fungi?

A

Opsonins (compliment and antibody)

Phagocytes (neurtrophil and activated macrophages)

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15
Q

Macrophage activation requires ____ to activate and supply ___ .

A

Th1, gIFN

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16
Q

What fungi are extracellular?

A

Aspergillus and Candida

17
Q

If these two cells are suppressed an extremely bad extracellular fungal infection will occur.

A

T-cells and neutrophils

18
Q

What is the intracellular fungi?

A

Histoplasma

19
Q

What are the defense components against intracellular fungi?

A

Activated macrophages

require Th1 cells to supply gIFN

20
Q

What is the defense pattern against extracellular protozoa (like malaria, e. histo or giardia)?

A

Protozoa > compliment and anti-parasite antibody > opsonization blocking antibody > phagocytosis

21
Q

Does IgE work against protozoans?

A

No

22
Q

What is the defense pattern against intracellular protozoans (like leshmania)?

A

Protozoa > infected macrophage > gIFN from Th1 cells or cc-chemokines to recruit mononuclear cells

23
Q

What is the defense pattern against helminths?

A

Helminth > anti-parasite IgE . mast cell sensitization and degranulation > IL-5 > production of eosinophils in bone marrow; chemotactic factors of eosinophils

24
Q

What pathogen evades phagocytosis by an anti-phagocytic capsule?

A

Strep pneumo
Staph aureus
GAS
Heamophilus

25
Q

What pathogen evades phagocytosis by prevention of formation of phagolysosome?

A

Mycobacterium TB

26
Q

What pathogen evades phagocytosis by escape from the phagolysosome?

A

Mycobacterium TB

27
Q

What pathogen evades phagocytosis by resisting lysosomal enzymes?

A

Mycobacterium TB

28
Q

What pathogen causes lysis of secretary IgA?

A

Neisseria

29
Q

What pathogen causes antigenic variation?

A

HIV, influenza, T. brucei, N. gonorrhoeae

30
Q

What pathogen causes enhanced antibodies which oponizes the organism which is phagocytosed by macrophages so the virus was replicate there?

A

HIV, Dengue

31
Q

Which pathogen masks its pathogen antigen by host serum proteins?

A

Schistosomes

32
Q

What pathogen inducts the immune system?

A

HIV

33
Q

Which pathogens express surface molecules that bind to the Fc region oh IgG?

A

HSV, ZVZ, Staph aureus

34
Q

Which pathogens interfere with antigen presentation by preventing peptide loading in MHC-1?

A

HSV, VZV

CMBM exam 4 (27 decks)

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