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Alimentary System > The Grand Tour of the Alimentary Canal > Flashcards

The Grand Tour of the Alimentary Canal Flashcards

1
Q

GI tract

A

series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus

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2
Q

what makes up the GI tract

A

mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus

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3
Q

accessory organs

A

salivary glands, liver, pancreas, gallbladder

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4
Q

main functions of digestive system

A

digestion, secretion, absorption, motility

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5
Q

digestion

A

breaking down of the food we eat into simple substances that our bodies can absorb

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6
Q

Digestive absorption

A

passage of the end products of digestion from the gastrointestinal tract into the blood, and lymphatic vessels.

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7
Q

secretion

A

process by which substances are produced and discharged from a cell, gland, or organ for a particular function in the organism or for excretion.

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8
Q

motility

A

ability of an organism to move independently, using metabolic energy.

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9
Q

What is the function of the mouth?

A

Break down foodstuff by chewing, saliva acting as a lubricant

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10
Q

What is the function of the oesophagus?

A

Conduit between the mouth and stomach

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11
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A

Digestion of proteins

Foodstuff reduced to liquid form

Storage

Sterilisation

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12
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A

Digestive enzymes for digestion of fats, carbohydrates and proteins

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13
Q

What is the function of the liver?

A

Produce bile salts for digestion/absorption of fats in the small intestine

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14
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

Stores and concentrates bile

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15
Q

What is the function of the small intestine?

A

Final stages of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption

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16
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

Water absorption

Bacterial fermentation and formation of faeces

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17
Q

In basic terms what is the alimentary canal?

A

Continuous hollow tube from the oesophagus to the rectum

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18
Q

How long is the alimentary canal?

A

About 8m long

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19
Q

What can be said about the structural formation of the alimentary canal throughout its length?

A

it is the same throughout its length with 4 distinct layers

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20
Q

What are the 4 distinct layers of the alimentary canal?

A

Mucosa

Submucosa

Muscularis external

Serosa/adventitia

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21
Q

Where is stratified squamous epithelium found?

A

Mouth

Oesophagus

Anal canal

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22
Q

Where is simple columnar epithelium?

A

Stomach

Small intestine

Large intestine

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23
Q

What is the functions of epithelium?

A

Separate lumen of alimentary canal from the body

Synthesis and secretion of digestive enzymes, hormones and mucus

Absorbs products of digestion

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24
Q

What are the layers of the mucosa?

A

mucous epithelium

Lamina propria

Muscularis mucosae

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25
Q

What is lamina propria?

A

Loose connective tissue (glands, blood and lymph vessels)

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26
Q

What is muscularis mucosae?

A

Thin smooth muscle layer

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27
Q

What is submucosa?

A

Thick, irregular connective tissue to support mucosa

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28
Q

What does the submucosa contain?

A

neurons

Blood vessels

Lymphatic vessels

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29
Q

What do neurons form in the submucosa?

A

Submucosal plexus (parasympathetic)

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30
Q

Is the submucosal plexus sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A

parasympathetic

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31
Q

Where are submucosal glands found?

A

Oesophagus

Duodenum

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32
Q

What makes up the muscularis externa?

A

Two concentric thick layers of smooth muscles (inner layer and outer layer)

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33
Q

What is the inner layer of the muscularis externa?

A

Circular muscle

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34
Q

What is the outer layer of the muscularis externa?

A

Longitudinal muscle

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35
Q

What is the function of the circular muscle?

A

Constrict lumen

36
Q

What is the function of the longitudinal muscle?

A

Shortens tube

37
Q

What is the function of the muscularis externa?

A

Produce motility for peristalsis and segmentation

38
Q

What is found between the circular and longitudinal muscle?

A

Myenteric plexus

39
Q

What is the enteric nervous system (ENS) formed from?

A

Submucosal and myenteric plexuses

40
Q

What does the enteric nervous system (ENS) allow?

A

Independent control of gut function

41
Q

What is the purpose of the adventitia outside of the peritoneum cavity?

A

Attaches oesophagus and rectum to surrounding structures

42
Q

What is the difference between serosa and adventitia?

A

Serosa covers organs that freely move inside of a cavity

Adventitia bounds organs to supporting structures

43
Q

What kind of tissue is the serosa/adventitia?

A

Connective tissue

44
Q

What does serosa surround inside the peritoneal canal?

A

Stomach

Small intestine

Large intestine

45
Q

What provides autonomic control of alimentary function?

A

Long (parasympathetic) and short (ENS) reflexes

46
Q

What provides parasympathetic innervation to alimentary function?

A

Vagus nerve (except salivation which is controlled by facial [VII] and glossopharyngael [IX] nerve

47
Q

What nerves control salivation?

A

Facial (VII) cranial nerve

Glossopharyngeal (IX) cranial nerve

48
Q

What effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on alimentary function?

A

Increases secretion and motility

49
Q

What provides sympathetic innvervation to alimentary function?

A

Thoracic splanchnic nerves

50
Q

What effect does sympathetic innervation have on the alimentary function?

A

Decreases secretion and motility (except salivation)

51
Q

What 3 main arteries supply the GI tract?

A

Celiac trunk

Superior mesenteric artery

Inferior mesenteric artery

52
Q

What do the celiac trunk, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric branch from?

A

abdminal aorta

53
Q

What does the celiac trunk artery supply?

A

Stomach

Small intestine

Pancreas

Liver

54
Q

What does the superior mesenteric artery supply?

A

Small intestine

Caecum

Ascending colon

Transverse colon

55
Q

What does the inferior mesenteric artery supply?

A

Descending colon

Sigmoid colon

Rectum

56
Q

What veins drain the stomach?

A

Gastric veins

57
Q

What veins drain pancreas?

A

Splenic vein

58
Q

What does the superior mesenteric vein drain?

A

Small intestine

Caecum

Ascending colon

Transverse colon

59
Q

What does inferior mesenteric vein drain?

A

Decending colon

Sigmoid colon

Rectum

60
Q

what veins drain into the hepatic portal vein?

A

Gastric veins

Splenic vein

Superior mesenteric vein

Inferior mesenteric vein

61
Q

What is the venous drainage from the hepatic portal vein?

A

Hepatic portal vein -> hepatic vein -> inferior vena cava

62
Q

simple epithelial

A

one cell layer

63
Q

stratified epithelium

A

many layers

64
Q

stratified squamous

A

Mouth, oesophagus, anal canal

65
Q

simple columnar

A

Stomach, small & large intestine

66
Q

Connective tissue outer layer of alimentary canal
Outside peritoneal cavity:

A

Adventitia attaches oesophagus and rectum to surrounding structures

67
Q

Connective tissue outer layer of alimentary canal
Inside peritoneal cavity:

A

Serosa surrounds stomach, small intestine and large intestine

68
Q

Muscularis Externa

A

Two concentric thick layers of smooth muscle

69
Q

inner layer of muscularis externa

A

circular muscle (constricts lumen)

70
Q

outer layer of muscularis externa

A

longitudinal muscle (shortens tube)

71
Q

what type of motility is produced by muscularis externa

A

peristalsis, segmentation

72
Q

where is Myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus found

A

between circular and longitudinal muscle

73
Q

Submucosal + myenteric plexuses =

A

enteric nervous system (ENS) ⇒ independent control of gut function

74
Q

Autonomic control:

A

Long (parasympathetic) and short (ENS) reflexes

(both afferent and efferent)

75
Q

Parasympathetic

A

vagus nerve (X)

76
Q

parasympathetic exception

A

salivation ⇒ facial (VII) and glossopharyngeal (IX)
Stimulatory
⇑ secretion
⇑ motility

77
Q

Sympathetic

A

⇒ splanchnic nerve
Inhibitory (except salivation)
⇓ secretion
⇓ motility

78
Q

Celiac trunk

A

Stomach
Small intestine
Pancreas
Liver

79
Q

Superior mesenteric
artery

A

Small intestine
Caecum
Ascending colon
Transverse colon

80
Q

Inferior mesenteric
artery

A

Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum

81
Q

Stomach

A

Gastric
veins

82
Q

Pancreas

A

Splenic
vein

83
Q

Small intestine
Caecum
Ascending colon
Transverse colon

A

Superior
mesenteric
vein

84
Q

Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum

A

Inferior
mesenteric
vein

85
Q

gastric veins, splenic vein, superior mesenteric vein, inferior mesenteric vein

A

hepatic portal vein

86
Q

hepatic portal vein

A

hepatic vein

87
Q

hepatic vein

Alimentary System (44 decks)

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