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Alimentary System > [Physiology] Nutrient digestion and absorption > Flashcards

[Physiology] Nutrient digestion and absorption Flashcards

1
Q

Principal dietary constituents

A

Carbohydrate
Protein
Fat
Vitamins
Minerals
Water

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2
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Hexose sugars (6C)

Breakdown products of complex CHOs which are absorbed by small intestine only

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3
Q

Hexose sugars (6C)

A

glucose, galactose, fructose

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4
Q

Disaccharides

A

Two monosaccharides linked together by glycosidic bond

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5
Q

how are disaccarides broken down

A

Broken down to constituent monomers by brush border enzymes in small intestine (enterocytes in epithelial cells, in apical membrane)

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6
Q

what are the components of lactose

A

glucose + galactose (lactase)

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7
Q

what are the components of sucrose

A

glucose + fructose (sucrase)

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8
Q

what are the components of maltose

A

glucose + glucose (maltase)

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9
Q

what is starch

A

plant storage form of glucose

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10
Q

what are the two glucose components in starch

A

a-amylose, amylopectin

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11
Q

a-amylose

A

glucose linked in straight chains

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12
Q

amylopectin

A

glucose chains highly branched

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13
Q

what are glucose monomers linked by

A

α-1,4 glycosidic bonds

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14
Q

what are α-1,4 glycosidic bonds hydrolysed by

A

amylases (saliva, pancreas)

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15
Q

what is cellulose

A

constituent of plant cell walls

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16
Q

what are the components that make up cellulose

A

linear chains of glucose monomers linked by β-1,4 glycosidic bonds

Dietary fibre

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17
Q

what can the dietary fibre in cellulose be digested by

A

no enzymatic digestion in vertebrates - require bacteria

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18
Q

what is glycogen

A

animal storage form of glucose

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19
Q

what is glycogen made up of

A

Glucose monomers linked by α-1,4 glycosidic bonds

20
Q

what are the two membranes

A

apical membrane
basolateral membrane

21
Q

what are the apical membrane and basolateral membrane separated by

A

tight junction space complex

22
Q

transcellular transport

A

vesicle-mediated transport of macromolecules, such as plasma proteins, across the endothelial barrier

23
Q

paracellular

A

transfer of substances across an epithelium by passing through the intercellular space between the cells

24
Q

vectorial transport

A

The transport of an ion or molecule across an epithelium in only one direction (e.g. absorption of nutrients in the gut). Vectorial transport requires that transport proteins are nonrandomly distributed between the apical and basolateral plasma membrane.

25
Q

when starch/glycogen is broken down by amylase what is it broken down into

A

maltose, sucrose, lactose

26
Q

how does Na and glucose enter the apical membrane

A

SGLT1 transporter

27
Q

how does glucose enter the cell following transport by SGLT1

A

GLUT-2 transporter

28
Q

how does sodium leave the cell following entry by SGLT1

A

sodium - potassium ATPase

29
Q

how does fructose enter the apical membrane

A

GLUT-5 transporter

30
Q

how does fructose go out the basolateral membrane following GLUT-5 entry

A

GLUT-2

31
Q

what do all three sugars leave the cell using

A

GLUT-2

32
Q

what transporter does glucose and galactose use for entry into the apical membrane

A

SGLT1

33
Q

what is a protein

A

Polymers of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

34
Q

how does the chain length vary on different proteins

A

large variation of chain length

35
Q

what is often undergone by proteins

A

post translational modification

36
Q

what is an example of post translational modification for a protein

A

(addition of CHO = glycoprotein; lipid = lipoprotein)

37
Q

what are peptides

A

Small proteins, 3-10 amino acids in length

38
Q

what are proteases/peptidases

A

Enzymes which hydrolyse peptide bonds and reduce proteins or peptides to amino acids

39
Q

endopeptidases

A

acts on the on the interior amino acids within the protein, not on the terminal ones. - used in water hydrolysis

40
Q

exopeptidases

A

exopeptidase is any peptidase that catalyzes the cleavage of the terminal (or the penultimate) peptide bond

41
Q

what are the two types of exopeptidases

A

aminopeptidase
carboxypeptidase

42
Q

aminopeptidase

A

Aminopeptidases catalyze the cleavage of amino acids from the amino terminus of protein or peptide substrates

43
Q

carboxypeptidase

A

protease enzyme that hydrolyzes a peptide bond at the carboxy-terminal end of a protein or peptide

44
Q

how does an amino acid enter the apical membrane

A

enters alongside sodium on SAAT1

45
Q

how does an amino acid leave basolateral membrane

A

independent of sodium

sodium leaves via sodium potassium ATPase

46
Q
A

Alimentary System (44 decks)

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