Gastrointestinal Tract (Alimentary or Digestive System) Flashcards by Isla Anderson

appendix

Blind intestinal diverticulum with masses of lymphatic tissue

position variable (most common - retrocecal)

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branches of inferior mesenteric artery

Left colic, sigmoid arteries and superior rectal artery

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characteristics of ileum

pale pink

thin/light

less vascularity

short vasa recta

many short arcades loops

many lymphoid nodules

more mesentary fat

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characteristics of jejunum

deep red

thick/heavy

greater vascularity

long vasa recta

few large arcades loops

few lypmhoid nodules

less mesentary fat

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duodenal ulcer

inflammatory erosions of the duodenal wall (mostly 1st part)

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duodenum

shortest, widest, most fixed part of small intestine

receives bile duct and pancreatic duct

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foregut structures

primordial pharynx and its derivatives

lower respiratory system

esophagus and stomach

duodenum

liver, billary apparatus and pancreas

artery of the foregut

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formation of the portal vein

Union of splenic vein with the superior mesenteric vein

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function of billary ducts

carry bile from liver to gall bladder

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hepatic artery

supplies liver and gall bladder

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hindgut blood supply

inferior messenteric artery

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hindgut structures

Left one-third of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum and upper part of anal canal

Epithelium of the urinary bladder and most of the urethra

Inferior Mesenteric artery – Artery of hindgut

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how many constrictions does the esophagus have

muscular tube (25cm)
3 constrictions

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large intestine characteristics

omental appedices

haustra / sacculations

teniae coli

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lateral aortic lumbar nodes

Drains organs supplied by lateral aortic branches

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location of portal vein

Behind the neck of pancreas (L 2 vertebral level)

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lymphatic drainage of GI tract / abdomen

thoracic duct

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macburneys point

Site of maximum tenderness in acute appendicities

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main branches of superior mesenteric artery

jejunal and ileal arteries

(other branches (middle colic, right colic, iliocolic))

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midgut structures

small intestine (most of duodenum)

cecum, appendix, ascending colon, and the right half to two-thirds of the transverse colon

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omental appedices

small fatty peritoneal like projections

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origin of superior mesentary artery

branch of abdominal aorta L1

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parasympathetic innervation of abdominal organs

Vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve)

Pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2,S3 & S4)

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portal vein

Transport venous blood from the spleen, pancreas, gall bladder and abdominal part of the GI tract

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pre aortic lumbar nodes

(coeliac, superior and inferior mesenteric nodes) – Drains organs supplied by the anterior branches of aorta

retroperitoneum

anatomical space located behind the abdominal or peritoneal cavity

retro aortic lumbar nodes

drains the posterior abdominal wall

sites of portocaval shunts

anorectal junction gastroesophageal junction umbilicus

splenic artery

Runs retroperitoneally along the superior (upper) margin of the pancreas

stomach bed

Diaphragm, spleen,left kidney,adrenal gland, splenic artery, pancreas, transverse mesocolon and colon

sympathetic innervation of abdominal organs

T5-L2 or L3 Abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves (greater – T5-T9, lesser-T10-T11 and least –T12) Prevertebral sympathetic ganglia Abdominal aortic plexus

teniae coli

thicked bands of smooth muscle

terminal branch of inferior mesenteric artery

superior rectal artery

venous enlargements during portal obstruction

haemorrhoids, esophageal varices, caput medusae

what are the exocrine and endocrine secretions of the pancreas

exocrine - pancreatic juice endocrine - insulin and glucagon

what are the three branches of the celiac trunk

left gastric artery hepatic artery splenic artery

what are the three esophageal constrictions

cervical [pharyngo-esophageal](15cm from incisor teeth) thoracic [broncho-aortic] (crossed by aortic arch, 22.5cm) (left main bronchus, 27.5cm) diaphragmatic (passes through oesophageal hiatus)

what are the three terminal groups of lumbar nodes

pre aortic lateral aortic retro aortic

what is the artery of the foregut

celiac trunk

what is the midgut blood supply

superior mesenteric artery

what is the primordial gut tube derived from

endoderm lining the yolk sac

what is the primordial gut tube divided into

foregut, midgut, hindgut

when does the primordial gut tube develop

4th week

where does left gastric artery lie

along lesser curvature of the stomach

where does the cystic artery lie

triangle of calot

where does the pancreas lie

L1/L2

where is bile produced

liver

where is bile stored and concentrated

gall bladder (up to 50ml bile)

where is the portal vein formed

behind the neck of the pancreas (pancreas split into head, neck, body and tail)

at what week of human development does primordial gut tube form

4th week

where is primordial gut tube derived from

the endoderm lining the yolk sac

descriptively what is the primordial gut tube divided into

foregut, midgut, hindgut

what are the structures of the foregut

primordial pharynx and its derivatives Lower respiratory system Esophagus and stomach Duodenum – Proximal to the opening of bile duct Liver, biliary apparatus (hepatic ducts, gall bladder, and bile duct), and pancreas

what is the artery of the foregut

celliac trunk

Name the three constrictions of the esophagus

cervical, thoracic, diaphragmatic

cervical (pharyngo-esophageal)

15cm from incisor teeth

thoracic (broncho-aortic)

crossed by; aortic arch 22.5cm left main bronchus 27.5cm

diaphragmatic

passes through oesophageal hiatus of diaphragm 40cm

why is it good to be aware of esophagus constrictions

when passing instruments through esophagus

what are the parts of the stomach

cardia, fundus, body, pyloric part lesser and greater curvature

Pyloric Sphincter

Control discharge of stomach contents into the duodenum

Stomach Bed

Diaphragm, spleen,left kidney,adrenal gland, splenic artery, pancreas, transverse mesocolon and colon

what is the role of billary ducts

carry bile from the liver to the gall bladder

where is bile produced

liver

where is bile stored and concentrated

gall bladder (up to 50ml)

what is the main artery of the gall bladder

cystic artery

where does the cystic artery lie

triangle of calot

where is the triangle of calot

between common hepatic duct, cystic duct and visceral surface of liver

where does the superior mesenteric artery originate

branch of abdominal aorta L1 relations: jejunal/ileal arteries

what are the main branches of superior mesenteric artery

jejunal and ileal arteries other: middle colic/right colic/iliocolic

large intestine characteristics

Omental appedices – small, fatty, peritoneal like projections Haustra or sacculations Teniae coli – Thickened bands of smooth muscle (longitudinal layer)

hindgut blood supply

Inferior mesenteric artery

origin of inferior mesenteric artery

Anterior branch of abdominal aorta (L3) Branches: Left colic, sigmoid arteries and superior rectal artery

what is the terminal branch of inferior mesenteric artery

Superior rectal artery

role of the portal vein

to transport venous blood from the spleen, pancreas, gall bladder and abdominal part of the GI tract

how is the portal vein formed

by union of splenic vein with superior mesenteric vein

location of portal vein

Behind the neck of pancreas (L 2 vertebral level)

sites of Portocaval shunts

Anorectal junction Gastroesophageal junction At the umbilicus

Venous enlargements (Varices) during portal obstruction

Haemorrhoids Esophageal varices Caput medusae

what receives most of the lymph from abdominal wall and abdominal organs

thoracic duct

what are the three terminal groups lumbar nodes include

pre aortic lateral aortic retro aortic

pre aortic lumbar nodes

(coeliac, superior and inferior mesenteric nodes) – Drains organs supplied by the anterior branches of aorta

lateral aortic

Drains organs supplied by lateral aortic branches

retro aortic

drains the posterior abdominal wall