Gastrointestinal Tract (Alimentary or Digestive System) Flashcards
appendix
Blind intestinal diverticulum with masses of lymphatic tissue
position variable (most common - retrocecal)
branches of inferior mesenteric artery
Left colic, sigmoid arteries and superior rectal artery
characteristics of ileum
pale pink
thin/light
less vascularity
short vasa recta
many short arcades loops
many lymphoid nodules
more mesentary fat
characteristics of jejunum
deep red
thick/heavy
greater vascularity
long vasa recta
few large arcades loops
few lypmhoid nodules
less mesentary fat
duodenal ulcer
inflammatory erosions of the duodenal wall (mostly 1st part)
duodenum
shortest, widest, most fixed part of small intestine
receives bile duct and pancreatic duct
foregut structures
primordial pharynx and its derivatives
lower respiratory system
esophagus and stomach
duodenum
liver, billary apparatus and pancreas
artery of the foregut
formation of the portal vein
Union of splenic vein with the superior mesenteric vein
function of billary ducts
carry bile from liver to gall bladder
hepatic artery
supplies liver and gall bladder
hindgut blood supply
inferior messenteric artery
hindgut structures
Left one-third of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum and upper part of anal canal
Epithelium of the urinary bladder and most of the urethra
Inferior Mesenteric artery – Artery of hindgut
how many constrictions does the esophagus have
muscular tube (25cm)
3 constrictions
large intestine characteristics
omental appedices
haustra / sacculations
teniae coli
lateral aortic lumbar nodes
Drains organs supplied by lateral aortic branches
location of portal vein
Behind the neck of pancreas (L 2 vertebral level)
lymphatic drainage of GI tract / abdomen
thoracic duct
macburneys point
Site of maximum tenderness in acute appendicities
main branches of superior mesenteric artery
jejunal and ileal arteries
(other branches (middle colic, right colic, iliocolic))
midgut structures
small intestine (most of duodenum)
cecum, appendix, ascending colon, and the right half to two-thirds of the transverse colon
omental appedices
small fatty peritoneal like projections
origin of superior mesentary artery
branch of abdominal aorta L1
parasympathetic innervation of abdominal organs
Vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve)
Pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2,S3 & S4)
portal vein
Transport venous blood from the spleen, pancreas, gall bladder and abdominal part of the GI tract
pre aortic lumbar nodes
(coeliac, superior and inferior mesenteric nodes) – Drains organs supplied by the anterior branches of aorta
retroperitoneum
anatomical space located behind the abdominal or peritoneal cavity
retro aortic lumbar nodes
drains the posterior abdominal wall
sites of portocaval shunts
anorectal junction
gastroesophageal junction
umbilicus
splenic artery
Runs retroperitoneally along the superior (upper) margin of the pancreas
stomach bed
Diaphragm, spleen,left kidney,adrenal gland, splenic artery, pancreas, transverse mesocolon and colon
sympathetic innervation of abdominal organs
T5-L2 or L3
Abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves
(greater – T5-T9, lesser-T10-T11 and least –T12)
Prevertebral sympathetic ganglia
Abdominal aortic plexus
teniae coli
thicked bands of smooth muscle
terminal branch of inferior mesenteric artery
superior rectal artery
venous enlargements during portal obstruction
haemorrhoids, esophageal varices, caput medusae
what are the exocrine and endocrine secretions of the pancreas
exocrine - pancreatic juice
endocrine - insulin and glucagon
what are the three branches of the celiac trunk
left gastric artery
hepatic artery
splenic artery
what are the three esophageal constrictions
cervical pharyngo-esophageal
thoracic [broncho-aortic] (crossed by aortic arch, 22.5cm) (left main bronchus, 27.5cm)
diaphragmatic (passes through oesophageal hiatus)
what are the three terminal groups of lumbar nodes
pre aortic
lateral aortic
retro aortic
what is the artery of the foregut
celiac trunk
what is the midgut blood supply
superior mesenteric artery
what is the primordial gut tube derived from
endoderm lining the yolk sac
what is the primordial gut tube divided into
foregut, midgut, hindgut
when does the primordial gut tube develop
4th week
where does left gastric artery lie
along lesser curvature of the stomach
where does the cystic artery lie
triangle of calot
where does the pancreas lie
L1/L2
where is bile produced
liver
where is bile stored and concentrated
gall bladder (up to 50ml bile)
where is the portal vein formed
behind the neck of the pancreas
(pancreas split into head, neck, body and tail)
at what week of human development does primordial gut tube form
4th week
where is primordial gut tube derived from
the endoderm lining the yolk sac
descriptively what is the primordial gut tube divided into
foregut, midgut, hindgut
what are the structures of the foregut
primordial pharynx and its derivatives
Lower respiratory system
Esophagus and stomach
Duodenum – Proximal to the opening of bile duct
Liver, biliary apparatus (hepatic ducts, gall bladder, and bile duct), and pancreas
what is the artery of the foregut
celliac trunk
Name the three constrictions of the esophagus
cervical, thoracic, diaphragmatic
cervical (pharyngo-esophageal)
15cm from incisor teeth
thoracic (broncho-aortic)
crossed by;
aortic arch 22.5cm
left main bronchus 27.5cm
diaphragmatic
passes through oesophageal hiatus of diaphragm
40cm
why is it good to be aware of esophagus constrictions
when passing instruments through esophagus
what are the parts of the stomach
cardia, fundus, body, pyloric part
lesser and greater curvature
Pyloric Sphincter
Control discharge of stomach contents into the duodenum
Stomach Bed
Diaphragm, spleen,left kidney,adrenal gland, splenic artery, pancreas, transverse mesocolon and colon
what is the role of billary ducts
carry bile from the liver to the gall bladder
where is bile produced
liver
where is bile stored and concentrated
gall bladder
(up to 50ml)
what is the main artery of the gall bladder
cystic artery
where does the cystic artery lie
triangle of calot
where is the triangle of calot
between common hepatic duct, cystic duct and visceral surface of liver
where does the superior mesenteric artery originate
branch of abdominal aorta L1
relations: jejunal/ileal arteries
what are the main branches of superior mesenteric artery
jejunal and ileal arteries
other: middle colic/right colic/iliocolic
large intestine characteristics
Omental appedices – small, fatty, peritoneal like
projections
Haustra or sacculations
Teniae coli – Thickened bands of smooth muscle
(longitudinal layer)
hindgut blood supply
Inferior mesenteric artery
origin of inferior mesenteric artery
Anterior branch of abdominal aorta (L3)
Branches: Left colic, sigmoid arteries and superior rectal artery
what is the terminal branch of inferior mesenteric artery
Superior rectal artery
role of the portal vein
to transport venous blood from the spleen, pancreas, gall bladder and abdominal part of the GI tract
how is the portal vein formed
by union of splenic vein with superior mesenteric vein
location of portal vein
Behind the neck of pancreas (L 2 vertebral level)
sites of Portocaval shunts
Anorectal junction
Gastroesophageal junction
At the umbilicus
Venous enlargements (Varices) during portal obstruction
Haemorrhoids
Esophageal varices
Caput medusae
what receives most of the lymph from abdominal wall and abdominal organs
thoracic duct
what are the three terminal groups lumbar nodes include
pre aortic
lateral aortic
retro aortic
pre aortic lumbar nodes
(coeliac, superior and inferior mesenteric nodes) – Drains organs supplied by the anterior branches of aorta
lateral aortic
Drains organs supplied by lateral aortic branches
retro aortic
drains the posterior abdominal wall
