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Alimentary System > Embryology of the GI > Flashcards

Embryology of the GI Flashcards

1
Q

omphalocele

A

A new born baby born with herniation of abdominal viscera through an
enlarged umbilical ring

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2
Q

how long is the process of fertilisation to implantation in week 1

A

51/2 to 6 days

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3
Q

what occurs during week 2

A

bilaminar germ disk is formed

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4
Q

which gene is a transcription factor for establishing left sidedness

A

PTX2

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5
Q

what occurs during week 3

A

trilaminar germ disk formation (gastrulation)

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6
Q

what 3 processes occur during week 3

A

gastrulation

CNS induction

Neurulation

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7
Q

what three parts make up the trilaminar germ disc

A

ectoderm
intraembryonic mesoderm
endoderm

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8
Q

organogenesis

A

organ malformation can happen during this period from exposure to any teratogenic substance

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9
Q

when can organogesis occur

A

week 3-8

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10
Q

teratogens

A

drugs
virus
thalidomide (limb deformities)

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11
Q

what structures originate from ebryonic ectoderm

A

Skin (epidermis, hair, nail), CNS,PNS, sensory epithelia of the eye,ear, nose & other structures (pituitary,mammary and sweat glands, enamel of teeth),adrenal medulla etc.

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12
Q

what structures originate from embryonic endoderm

A

Epithelial lining of Respiratory system, GIT, glands, liver (hepatocyte and biliary epithelium), pancreas,
thyroid, parathyroid parenchyma, urinary bladder etc.

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13
Q

Embryonic mesoderm

A
  • muscles, bones,cartilage, dermis, vascular system, urogenital system except bladder, spleen, liver
    mesenchyme, adrenal cortex etc.
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14
Q

when does the development of the gut tube occur

A

during the 3rd and 4th week drom the endodermal lining of the yolk sac

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15
Q

what gives rise to parietal and visceral mesoderm

A

lateral plate mesoderm

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16
Q

what does parietal layer line

A

body cavity

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17
Q

what does visceral layer line

A

gut tube

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18
Q

what happens to the connection of the gut tube with the yolk sac over time

A

it becomes smaller until it is only connected at umbilical cord by vitelline duct

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19
Q

when does the connection between the gut tube and yolk sac no longer exist

A

12-14 weeks

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20
Q

what is the gut tube closed by at the cranial end

A

oropharyngeal membrane

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21
Q

what is the gut tube closed by at the caudal end

A

cloacal membrane

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22
Q

sonic hedgehog signalling pathway

A

secretion of SHH by gut stimulates expression of HOX gene

craniocaudal organisation of gut
Instructs what it should become - eg small intestine, large intestine or cloaca

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23
Q

mesentery

A

ventral and dorsal

double layers of peritoneum

hangs the gut tube from body wall

encloses organs (intraperitoneal)

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24
Q

what does the foregut include

A

extends from lung bud diverticulum to bile duct opening of the duodenum, consists of pharync oesophagus stomach and perennial part of duodenum

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25
Q

what does the oesophagus develop from

A

cranial part of the gut tube

26
Q

where does the lung bud develop from

A

ventral wall of the foregut
4 weeks

27
Q

Tracheo- oesophageal
septum (ridge)

A

The formation of a tracheoesophageal septum will divide the ventral trachea from the dorsal esophagus.

Failure to separate will result in tracheoesophageal fistula

28
Q

what forms the stomach

A

foregut dilates to form the stomach
week 4

creates lesser and greater curvatures

29
Q

what is the longitudinal rotation of the stomach

A

90 degrees rotation

30
Q

what is the second rotation of the stomach

A

Rotation along antero-posterior axis

31
Q

how is the stomach attached to both the ventral and dorsal wall

A

a mesentery called mesogastrium

32
Q

what does rotation along the longitudinal axis do to the mesentery

A

pulls the dorsal mesentery to the left

creates omental bursa behind the stomach (lesser sac)

33
Q

what is the duodenum formed from

A

caudal part of the foregut and the cranial part of the midgut tube

34
Q

blood supply of duodenum

A

Both coeliac trunk and
superior mesenteric artery

35
Q

retroperitoneal and duodenum

A

anatomical space (sometimes a potential space) behind (retro) the peritoneum

duodenum is retroperitoneal except from the duodenal cap

36
Q

what week of gestation is the liver bud formed

A

week 3

37
Q

hepatocytes, biliary epithelia

A

endodermal in origin

38
Q

Kupffer cells, haematopoietic cells and connective tissue

A

mesodermal origin (septum
transversum)

39
Q

Falciform ligament and lesser omentum

A

develops from ventral mesentery

40
Q

Gall bladder and cystic duct

A

(endodermal origin)

41
Q

what week of gestation does bile form

A

12th week

42
Q

spleen

A

mesodermal origin
week 5

43
Q

spleen in Weeks 15 to 17

A

colonised by T lymphocytes

44
Q

spleen in week 23

A

the B-cell precursors arrive and spleen starts it’s lymphoid function

45
Q

pancreas

A

endodermal in origin (wk-5)

46
Q

what happens as the duodenum rotates

A

the ventral bud also moves close to the
dorsal bud (wk-6)

47
Q

(bile duct and major pancreatic duct)

A

Major papilla

48
Q

Incomplete separation of lung bud

A

oesophageal atresia and tracheo-oesophageal
fistula

49
Q

what are some development abnormalities of the foregut?

A

Obliterated bile duct, distended hepatic duct
Duplication of gall bladder
Accessory pancreatic duct

50
Q

where does the midgut extend to and from?

A

from opening of bile duct into the duodenum to proximal 2/3rds of the transverse colon

51
Q

describe the formation of the primary intestinal loop?

A

Anti-clockwise rotation

Physiological herniation of intestinal loop (Wk-6)

Vitelline duct connects the ilium with yolk sac (up to 12th-14th wk)

Intestinal loops begin to move back into the abdominal cavity (wk-10)

52
Q

what develops around week 6 during formation of primary intestinal loop?

A

cecal bud develops

53
Q

what occurs after Intestinal loops begin to move back into the abdominal cavity (wk-10)

A

The midgut loop elongates and will differentiate into part of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ascending colon, and two- thirds of the transverse colon

54
Q

what are common developmental abnormalities of the midgut?

A

Common anomalies: stenosis, malrotation etc.

55
Q

omphalocele

A

Failure of retraction of herniated intestinal loop through umbilical ring at week-10

56
Q

what happens when the vetelline duct persists

A

In 2-4% people a small vitelline duct persists
May form fistula/cyst / ligament/Meckel’s dive

57
Q

describe the development of the hindgut

A

Endodrmal origin: Distal 1/3rd transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum and upper part of the anal canal.
*Ectodermal origin: Lower part of the anal canal and anal orifice

58
Q

what is the origin of the cranial part of the anal canal

A

endodermal

59
Q

what is the origin of the caudal part of the anal canal

A

ectodermal

60
Q

what happens to the cloacal membrane at week 7 gestation

A

it ruptures

61
Q

what are the developmental abnormalities of the hindgutt?

A

urorectal fistula
rectovaginal fistual
rectoperineal fistula
imperforate anus

Alimentary System (44 decks)

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