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ChE LE Flashcards > The, Fluid, CRE > Flashcards

The, Fluid, CRE Flashcards

1
Q

0th Law of Thermodynamics
(Proponent, Definition)

A

Ralph Howard Fowler
If TA=TB and TB=TC, then TA=TC

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2
Q

1st Law of Thermodynamics
(Proponent, Definition)

A

Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius
-Law of Conservation of Energy
-Energy can’t be created/destroyed, only transformed
-Energy of universe is constant
-The total energy of any system and its surroundings is conserved.

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3
Q

2nd Law of Thermo (Clausius Statement)
(Proponent, Definition)

A

A device that solely transfers heat from low to high temperature is impossible. Work is required.

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4
Q

2nd Law of Thermo (Kelvin-Planck Statement)

A

A) Impossible for device to completely convert heat to work (n < 1, and n < n,Carnot), effect to surroundings always exist.

B) Impossible for any device operating on a cycle to receive heat from a SINGLE RESERVOIR ONLY and produce a net amount of work. A hot and cold reservoir are required.

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5
Q

Device violating 1st Law of Thermo

A

PMM1 - Perpetual motion machine of first kind

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6
Q

Device violating 2nd Law of Thermo

A

PMM2 - Perpetual motion machine of second kind

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7
Q

How to calculate non reversible entropy?

A

Entropy is state function. S,rev = S,irrev

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8
Q

3rd Law of Thermodynamics

A

Walther Hermann Nernst
- S=0 at absolute zero (especially perfect crystals), then S>0 for everything else

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9
Q

Carnot Theorem

A

Nicolas Sadi Carnot
-n,Carnot = n,max (No engine is more efficient than Carnot engine)
- Any reversible engine between two heat reservoirs is a Carnot Engine

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10
Q

For Carnot engines:
Its efficiency depends only on _____ and not the working substance of the engine.

A

temperature levels (Tc and Th)

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11
Q

The equation, PV = nRT is best obeyed by gases at

A

low pressure and high temperature

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12
Q

Compressibility factor of a gas is
a. not a function of pressure
b. not a function of its nature
c. not a function of its temperature
d. unity, if it follows PV = nRT

A

d. unity, if it follows PV = nRT

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13
Q

Gibbs Free Energy
(Proponent, Equation, Definition)

A

Josiah Willard Gibbs
G=H-TS
Maximum work by system at P&T=k

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14
Q

Helmholtz Free Energy
(Proponent, Equation, Definition)

A

Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz
A=U-TS
Maximum work by system at T=k

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15
Q

Otto Cycle
(Describe, by who, steps)

A

Ideal Spark Ignition Engine
Nikolaus August Otto
1-2: S=k, +W
2-3: V=k, QH <—- diff from Diesel
3-4: S=k, -W
4-1: V=k, QC

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16
Q

Diesel Cycle
(Describe, by who, steps)

A

Ideal Compression-Ignition Engine
Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel
1-2: S=k, +W
2-3: P=k, QH <—- diff from Otto
3-4: S=k, -W
4-1: V=k, QC

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17
Q

Rankine Cycle
(Describe, by who, steps)

A

Ideal Vapor Power Cycle
William John Macquorn Rankine
Steps: PaBaTaC
1-2: S=k, +W (PUMP)
2-3: P=k, QH (BOILER)
3-4: S=k, -W (TURBINE)
4-1: P=k, QC (CONDENSER) <— diff from Gas Power Cycles

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18
Q

A gas turbine cycle consisting of two adiabatic steps and two isobaric steps.

A

Brayton cycle

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19
Q

A device substantially without moving parts, in which a fuel, such as hydrogen, natural gas, methanol, propane, can be converted directly into twice the quantity of electrical energy that would result from the usual boiler-turbine-generator combination.

A

fuel cell

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20
Q

Describes the temperature change of a fluid when it is throttled

A

Joule-Thomson Effect

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21
Q

Explain Joule Thomson Effect

A

The Joule–Thomson effect is the change in temperature of a gas when it undergoes isenthalpic expansion.

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22
Q

Joule-Thomson experiment is ____
a. isobaric
b. adiabatic
c. isenthalpic
d. both(b) & (c)

A

d. Adiabatic and Isenthalpic

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23
Q

Process that can be reversed without leaving any trace on the surroundings

A

Reversible process

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24
Q

Temperature scales with ratios that depend on ratios of heat transfer between a reversible heat engine and the reservoirs.

A

Absolute temperature scales

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25
Q

Pressure that, if it acted in the piston during the entire power stroke, would do an amount of work equal to that actually done on the piston.

A

Mean effective pressure

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26
Q

The number of independent variables that must be arbitrarily fixed to establish its intensive state.

A

Degrees of freedom

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27
Q

Van Laar equation deals with the activity co-efficients in

A

binary solutions

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28
Q

For a spontaneous process, free energy___ whereas entropy ____

A

DECREASES whereas the entropy INCREASES

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29
Q

If the vapour pressure at two temperatures of a solid phase in equilibrium with its liquid phase are known, then the latent heat of fusion can be calculated by the

A

Clayperon-Claussius equation

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30
Q

“Law of corresponding states” says that

A

Two different gases behave similarly, if their reduced properties (i.e. P, V and T) are same.

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31
Q

Out of the following refrigeration cycles, which one has maximum COP ?
a. Air cycle
b. Carnot cycle
c. Ordinary vapor compression cycle
d. Vapor compression with a reversible expansion engine

A

b. Carnot cycle

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32
Q

Co-efficient of performance for a reversed Carnot cycle working between temperatures T1 and T2 (T1 > T2) is

A

T2 / (T1 - T2)

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33
Q

Trouton’s ratio of __________ liquids is calculated using Kistyakowsky equation.

A

non-polar

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34
Q

Activity co-efficient is a measure of the

A

departure from ideal solution behavior.

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35
Q

Melting of ice exemplifies a/an ____
a. adiabatic process.
b. endothermic reaction.
c. exothermic reaction.
d. process involving a chemical reaction.

A

endothermic reaction.

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36
Q

If “n” is the order of reaction then unit of rate constant is

A. 1/(time)(concentration)^(n-1)
B. (time)-¹(concentration)^(n-1)
C. (time)^(n-1) (concentration)
D. None of these

A

1/(time)(concentration)^(n-1)

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37
Q

Variables affecting the rate of homogeneous reactions are __, ___, ___

A

Pressure, temperature, and composition

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38
Q

Rate determining step in a reaction consisting of a number of steps in series is the ____

A

slowed step

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39
Q

Equilibrium of a chemical reaction as viewed by kinetics is a ___

A

Dynamic steady state

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40
Q

Sum of the powers of the concentration terms in the rate equation is called the

A. Order of the reaction
B. Overall order of the reaction
C. Molecularity of the reaction
D. None of these

A

Overall order of the reaction

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41
Q

__________ explains the equilibrium constant for any chemical reaction.

A

Law of mass action

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42
Q

Catalysts are used to ___

A

Catalysts diminish the activation energy of the reaction without altering the products.

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43
Q

A chemical reaction occurs when the energy of the reaction molecules is ____ the activation energy

A

Equal or more than

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44
Q

Limiting reactant in a chemical reactions decides the ___

A

conversion

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45
Q

Entropy, which is a measure of the disorder of a system is _____
a. independent of pressure.
b. independent of temperature.
c. zero at absolute zero temperature for a perfect crystalline substance.
d. all (a), (b) & (c)

A

zero at absolute zero temperature for a perfect crystalline substance.

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46
Q

(3 answers)
Gibbs-Duhem equation relates composition in liquid phase and the __________ at constant temperature & pressure.

A

-fugacity
-partial pressure
-activity co-efficient

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47
Q

Gibbs phase rule showed that the degrees of freedom is given by the equation _____. Though this has been presented without proof it is true for ____

A

F=2+C-P-R
Systems in equilibrium

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48
Q

“The rate at which a substance reacts is proportional to its active mass and the rate of a chemical reaction is proportional to the product of active masses of the reacting substances”. This is the

A

Law of Mass Action
(none of these and sagot)

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49
Q

Macroscopic properties of homogeneous system at internal equilibrium can be expressed as a function of its ______.

A

temperature, pressure, and composition
Recall degrees of freedom

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50
Q

The change in __________ is equal to the reversible work for compression in steady state flow process under isothermal condition.

A

Gibbs free energy

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51
Q

A nozzle is a device, which

A

increases kinetic energy and decreases pressure.

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52
Q

For any closed system formed from known amounts of prescribed chemical species, the equilibrium state is completely determined when any two independent variables are fixed.

A

Duhem’s theorem

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53
Q

Lee/Kesler correlation is only applicable for the following compound

A

non-polar and slightly polar

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54
Q

Fluid whose viscosity is independent of shear rate

A

Newtonian

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54
Q

Fluid whose viscosity is independent of shear rate

A

Newtonian

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55
Q

It is a liquid that does not flow at all until a threshold shear stress is attained.

A

Bingham plastic

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56
Q

This is the measure of a material’s ability to radiate absorbed
energy.

A

Emissivity

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57
Q

The work done in a free expansion process is

A

Zero

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58
Q

Reaction conversion increases with an increase in temperature in the
case of which reaction?

A

Reversible endothermic

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59
Q

Fugacity and pressure are numerically equal when a gas is:

A

An ideal gas

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60
Q

The dimensionless number that characterizes the flows of fluid in a conduit.

A

Reynolds number

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61
Q

Pressure drop is proportional to the 1st power of the velocity

A

Laminar flow

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62
Q

Roughness has no appreciable effect on the friction factor when flow is ____

A

Laminar

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63
Q

What is the measure of wall thickness of tubing considering that there is no clear-cut distinction between pipe and tubing?

A

Schedule number

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64
Q

Effect of temperature to viscosity of gasses

A

increases with increase in temperature

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65
Q

For an ideal fluid flow, the Reynolds number is

A

infinity

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66
Q

When a fluid flows through a reducer in a piping system, the velocity at the outlet end is _ the velocity at the inlet.

A

more than

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67
Q

For pipes that must be broken at intervals for maintenance, the connector used should be a/an

A

elbow

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68
Q

Which valve is used accurately to regulate the flow of liquids and gases at low flow rates?

A

needle valve

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69
Q

Potential flow is the flow of

A

Incompressible fluids with no shear

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70
Q

With increase in molecular weight of the gas, the head developed by a centrifugal compressor will ___

A

decrease

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71
Q

Priming of a centrifugal pump is done to

A

Avoid cavitation / chances of separation inside the impeller

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72
Q

Heat capacity is defined as C=dQ/dT. What is the difficulty about the relationship of C to Q which are supposedly state functions?

A

It is a process-dependent quantity

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73
Q

For a zero-order reaction, the ratio of the volume of a backmix reactor to the volume of a plugflow reactor, for the same reactant conversion and conditions, is:

A

1

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74
Q

Limitation of UNIFAC

A

Limitation is that group parameters for a specific estimation IS NOT AVAILABLE

*UNIFAC uses the function groups present on the molecules that make up the liquid mixture to calculate activity coefficient

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75
Q

Closed system that produce the maximum work?

A

Reversible cyclic process

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76
Q

The difference between the actual property value of a solution and the value it would have as an ideal solution at the same T and P and composition is called

A

c. Excess

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77
Q

atm to BTU/lbmol R

A

1.987 BTU/lbmol R

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78
Q

atm to psia ft³ / lbmol R

A

10.73 psiaft3/ lbmolR

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79
Q

1 ton refrigeration to BTU/min

A

1 ton refrigeration = 200 BTU/min

80
Q

Water kinematic viscosity
(cP, Poise, Pas,lb/fts)

A

1 cP
0.01 Poise
0.001 Pas
6.7310^-4 lb/ft*s

81
Q

Water heat capacity
J/gK, BTU/lbmR, cal/g*K

A

4.184 J/gK,
1 BTU/lbmR,
1 cal/g*K

82
Q

Water density
lbm/ft³, g/cm³, kg/m³, g/mL

A

62.4 lbm/ft³,
1 g/cm³
1000 kg/m³,
1g/mL

83
Q

1 hp to lbf*ft/s and W

A

1 hp = 550 lbf*ft/s = 745.1 W

84
Q

BTU to lbf*ft

A

1 BTU = 778 lbf*ft

85
Q

miles to ft

A

1 mi = 5280 ft

86
Q

ft³ to gal
and bbl to gal

A

1 ft³ = 7.481 gallons
1 bbl = 42 gal

87
Q

The dimensionless quantity regarded as the ratio of the shear stress to the kinetic energy.

A

Fanning friction number

88
Q

Pitot tube measures

A

local velocity

89
Q

A popular type of heat exchanger for cooling large quantities of fluid is the

A

shell and tube heat exchanger

90
Q

If a heat transfer equipment, dirt or scale may be accounted by introducing resistance called ______

A

fouling factors

91
Q

Pipes having diameter 14 inches or more are designated by their ___

A

Outside diameter
(check steel pipe properties)

92
Q

High specific speed of a pump implies that, it is a/an __________ pump.

A

Axial flow
(check pump figure)

93
Q

Location of vena-contracta in an orifice meter does not depend upon the

A

Type of orifice

94
Q

Nominal size of the discharge pipe of a pump is usually __________ the nominal size of the inlet pipe.

A

Smaller than

95
Q

Molten soap mass is transported by a __________ pump.

A

Centrifugal

96
Q

Water hammer in a pipeline results from the _____

A

Rapid pressure change due to a rapid change in the rate of flow

97
Q

Schedule number of a pipe, which is a measure of its wall thickness, is given by _____

A

1000 P’/S

98
Q

Most commonly used joint in the underground pipe lines is the ______

A

Sleevejoint

99
Q

R= Latm/molK

A

0.08206 Latm/molK

100
Q

How to do Method if Limiting Density?

A

CALCU
1. y (P/p) vs x (p)
2. Get y-int: a
3. MW = (a)* RT

101
Q

How to get Kb or Kf from ∆Hvap/fus?

A

Trouton’s Rule
kb or kf = RT²MW,solvent/(∆Hvap/fus)

102
Q

How to get ∆Svap/fus from Tboil/freeze?

A

Trouton’s Rule
∆Svap/fus= R*[4.5 + ln(Tboil/freeze)]

103
Q

How to get Hvap/fus given P and T?

A
  1. x (1/T) vs y (lnP)
  2. Reg B — STORE
  3. B =-Hvap / R —- shift solve
104
Q

Cutoff ratio

A

rc= Vmid/Vmin

105
Q

Expansion ratio

A

re=Vmax/Vmid

106
Q

Compression Ratio

A

r=Vmax/Vmin

107
Q

Describe Regnault’s Method

A
  1. Get Vwater and m,gas
  2. Let Vgas = Vwater
  3. MW= m,water*RT/PV
108
Q

Falling Sphere Viscometer

A

v=g(Dp)²(p,particle-p)/18u

109
Q

Ostwald Viscometer

A

u=(π∆Pr⁴t)/(8LV)

110
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

i*Molarity *RT

111
Q

The reaction in which rate equation corresponds to a stoichiometric equation is called

A

elementary reaction

112
Q

There is no correspondence between stoichiometry and rate equation in a ___ reaction

A

non-elementary

113
Q

If the rate of reaction independent of the concentration of the reactants, the reaction is said to be?

A

zero order

114
Q

Half-life period of a chemical reaction is

A

the time required to reduce the concentration of the reacting substance to half its initial value

115
Q

Higher free energy of activation of chemical reaction (at a given temperature) implies ___

A

Slower rate of reaction
(higher E=lower k=lower rA)

116
Q

The rate constant of a reaction is a function of ____

A

Temperature of the system

117
Q

With increases in temperature, the rate constant obeying Arrhenius equation _____

A

Decreases exponentially with temperature

118
Q

Temperature Sensitivity:
Reactions with HIGH activation energy (E) are ____
While reactions with LOW activation energy (E) are ____

A

high E: very temperature sensitive
low E: low temperature sensitivity
(Look at Arrhenius Eq: lnk/k=-E/R(1/T-1/T)

119
Q

Temperature Sensitivity:
Reactions are much more sensitive at _____ than _____

A

more sensitive at LOW-TEMP region than HIGH-TEMP region

120
Q

__________ explains the mechanism of catalysis.

A

Activated complex theory

121
Q

The equilibrium constant of a chemical reaction ____ in the presence of catalyst

A

emains unaffected in the presence of a catalyst

122
Q

A batch reactor is characterized by ____

A

a. constant residence time
b. uniformly mixed
c. ideal with liquid phase reactions

123
Q

A plug-flow/tubular reactor is characterized by _____

A

a. presence of LATERAL mixing
b. no longitudinal mixing
c. equal radial velocity

124
Q

A continuously stirred tank reactor is characterized by ___

A

a. uniformly mixed
b. continuous flow

125
Q

Recycling the products of CSTR affects the conversion in what way?

A

Does NOT change the conversion

126
Q

A backmix reactor is ____

A

is same as ideal stirred tank reactor

127
Q

An autoclave is ___

A

is a high pressure batch reactor

128
Q

In a semi-batch reactor ____

A

Velocity of reaction can be controlled

129
Q

Conversion ___ with increase in T in case of a reversible endothermic reaction

A

Increases

130
Q

A space velocity of 5/hour means that

A

five reactor volumes of feed (at specified conditions) are being fed into the reactor per hour

131
Q

A space-time of 3 hours for a flow reactor means that

A

the time required to process one reactor volume of feed (measured at specified conditions) is 3 hours.

132
Q

The reaction in which one of the products of reaction acts as a catalyst is called a/an __________ reaction.

A

autocatalytic

133
Q

Steel Pipe Relative Roughness

A

E=0.00015 ft or 0.045732 mm

134
Q

Bernoulli mechanical energy balance neglects _____

A

mechanical energy and friction

135
Q

Any reversible engine between two heat reservoirs is a _____

A

Carnot engine

136
Q

Difference between polytropic and adiabatic processes

A

Polytropic processes have heat transfer

137
Q

Process involving fluid flow through a restriction such as an orifice, partially closed valve or porous plug without appreciable change in kinetic and potential energy

A

Throttling process

138
Q

Equipment that involves converting internal energy of high velocity stream into kinetic energy, which in turn converts into shaft work

A

Turbines

139
Q

The role of turbines is to convert ___ energy into ___ energy

A

internal energy into kinetic energy

140
Q

They are vital for the transport of fluids, for fluidization of particulate solids, for bringing fluids to the proper pressure for reaction or processing, etc.

A

Fluid Movers:
Compressors, pumps, fans, blowers, and vacuum pumps

141
Q

Rotating equipment that move liquids

A

Pumps

142
Q

A homogeneous region of matter.

A

Phase

143
Q

Gibbs phase rule is only applicable for _____

A

systems in equilibrium

144
Q

When can we say a process is reversible?

A

Its direction can be reversed at any point by an infinitesimal change in external conditions

145
Q

Entropy is essential gor chemical engineers to dictate the ____ and ____ of a process

A

Direction and Quality

146
Q

The highest temperature and pressure at which a pure chemical specie is observed to exist in vapor/liquid equilibrium

A

Critical point

147
Q

Degrees of freedom in triple point

A

F= 0 (invariant)

148
Q

Fluids in which their volume expansivity (B) and isothermal compressibility (k) is ZERO

A

Incomprehensible fluids

149
Q

“Equations which give property changes such as dU, dH, ∆U and ∆H are valid for ideal gases regardless if the process is reversible or not”

A

Wala lang, remember this lang

150
Q

______ do not conform to the same corresponding states behavior as do normal fluids

A

Quantum gases (H, He, and Ne)

151
Q

The generalized virial coefficient correlation is only valid for _____

A

low to moderate pressures

152
Q

Used to determine the flow of a fluid from a hole in a tank in the size of a point.

A

Torricelli’s Equation

153
Q

Why are Cubic equations of states most commonly used?

A

“They offer a compromise between generality and simplicity that is suitable to represent both vapor and liquid behavior”

154
Q

Describe the three volume roots of Cubic equations

A

Largest: Vapor-like
Smallest: Liquid-like
Middle: Not significant

155
Q

Water Heats of Vaporization and Fusion

A

∆Hvap=540 cal/g
∆Hfus=80 cal/g

156
Q

The ______ of elementary reactions is the number of molecules involved in the reaction

A

Molecularity

157
Q

Who described temperature as “the state of the body considered ability to communicate heat to the other body”?

A

James Clark Maxwell

158
Q

In crystallization, what is known as the formation of nuclei attributable to the existence of macroscopic crystals in the magma?

A

Secondary nucleation

159
Q

Limiting condition of ideal gas condition

A

P —> 0

160
Q

In the absence of molecular interactions, the internal energy depends on _____

A

Temperature only

161
Q

Which of the following is the this is for Bernoulli’s law for fluid flow?

A

Principle of conservation of energy

162
Q

For newtonian fluids the shear stress is _____

A

a linear function of the shear stress of deformation

163
Q

When pipe joints have to be broken from time to time for maintenance work the connection that should be used is ____

A

flanges

164
Q

Which of the following has the best insulting property?
window glass
wood
air
concrete

A

air

165
Q

a theoretical body works of safety vit e and m cbt is independent of the wavelength of a special region of irradiation and the surface in motion is called ____

A

gray body

166
Q

A popular types of heat exchangers for cooling large quantities of liquid is the ____

A

shell and tube heat exchanger

167
Q

Which among the following is most suitable for very high-pressure gas phase reactions?

A

Tubular flow reactor

168
Q

The sole connection between an actual process and an imagined hypothetical reversible process employed for determining ideal work is that _________________.

A

they both apply to the same changes of state.
(Recall irreversible entropy change)

169
Q

Where do lost work came from? What is the engineering significance?

A

Entropy generation = W,lost = energy unavailable to do work
Minimize irreversibility = minimize work lost

“The engineering significance of this result is clear: The greater the irreversibility of a process, the greater the rate of entropy production and the greater the amount of energy made unavailable for work. Thus, every irreversibility carries with it a price. Minimizing entropy production is essential for conservation of the earth’s resources.”

170
Q

How is Third Law of Thermo used to calculate entropies?

A

Entropy of elements at 0K is measured in their crystalline form

171
Q

What is the greatest practical value of ideal gas properties?

A

It provides the base for calculation of real-gas properties.

172
Q

System for prediction of non-electrolyte activity in non-ideal mixtures

A

UNIFAC method

173
Q

A valve that controls flow by means of a disk or wedge-shaped dam sliding at right angles to the direction of flow and seating lightly in the valve body

A

gate valve

174
Q

The equation that relates friction factor and Reynold’s number f=64/Re, holds to ___

A

laminar flow only

175
Q

The pressure drop in a rotameter is ____ .

A

constant

176
Q

When pipe joints have to be broken from time to time for maintenance work, the connection that should be used is ____

A

flanges

177
Q

Which of the following produces maximum pressure difference for transportation of gases?

A

compressors

178
Q

A device for increasing the velocity of a fluid in steady flow is a ____

A

nozzle

179
Q

For Newtonian fluids, the shear stress is ___

A

a linear function of the shear rate of deformation

180
Q

Basis for Bernoulli’s law for fluid flow

A

principle of conservation of energy

181
Q

Which fitting is used to connect pipes of different diameters?

A

reducer

182
Q

A machine or device for moving incompressible fluid is commonly known as ____

A

pump

183
Q

Dietus-Boelter equation for determination of heat transfer co-efficient is valid for ____

A

for fluids in turbulent flow

184
Q

Accounts for additional resistance to heat flow

A

Fouling factor

185
Q

An insulator should have ___

A

low thermal conductivity

186
Q

A popular type of heat exchanger for cooling large quantities of fluid is the _____

A

shell and tube

187
Q

The rate of evaporation at a given operating temperature in an evaporator is more when ___

A

the operating pressure is low

188
Q

Refers to the measure of a fluid’s sensitivity to changes in viscosity with changes in temperature

A

viscosity index

189
Q

The most economical valve for use with large diameter pipes.

A

butterfly

190
Q

The pressure drop through a gate valve is lowest when ___

A

fully open

191
Q

A mechanical pressure gauge which indicates pressure by the amount of deflection under internal pressure of an oval tube bent in an arc of a circle and closed at one end.

A

Bourdon-tube gauge

192
Q

A device in which the kinetic energy of one fluid (primary fluid) is used to pump another fluid (secondary fluid).

A

ejector

193
Q

What device is used to protect the pipe line from bursting due to pressure rise when the water in the pipe line is brought to rest?

A

surge tank

194
Q

What do you call the power required to deliver a given quantity of a fluid against a given head with no losses in the pump?

A

hydraulic power

195
Q

A type of valve which permits only one direction of flow.

A

check valve

196
Q

Bear pump is ___

A. is a positive displacement pump
B. is a non-positive displacement pump
C. is a centrifugal pump
D. can be started with delivery valve closed

A

A. is a positive displacement pump

197
Q

An ideal surface that absorbs all incident radiation regardless of wavelength and direction and is also considered as a perfect emitter is referred to as a _____

A

black body

ChE LE Flashcards (20 decks)

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