Environmental Engineering Flashcards
KEYWORDS:
*Quality Management System
*Food Safety Management
*Environmental Management System
*Social Responsibility
*Risk Management
*Energy Management
*Risk Management
*ISO 9000: Quality Management System
*ISO 22000: Food Safety Management
*ISO 14000: Environmental Management System
*ISO 26000: Social Responsibility
*ISO 31000: Risk Management
*ISO 50001: Energy Management
KEYWORDS:
Match the ff keywords
* POPs
* Ozone Depleting Substances
* Greenhouse Gases
* Movement of Hazardous Waste
* Follow up to Kyoto
* Follow up to Montreal
- POPs:
Stockholm Convention - Ozone Depleting Substances:
Montreal Protocol - Greenhouse Gases:
Kyoto Protocol - Movement of Hazardous Waste:
Basel Convention - Follow up to Kyoto
Copenhagen Accord - Follow up to Montreal:
Helsinki Declaration
KEYWORDS:
Match the ff keywords
* Toxic and Hazardous Waste
* Ecological Solid Waste Act
* Philippine Clean Water Act
* Philippine Clean Air Act
- Toxic and Hazardous Waste
RA 6969 - Ecological Solid Waste Act
RA 9003 - Philippine Clean Water Act
RA 9275 - Philippine Clean Air Act
RA 8749
An international agreement setting targets for developed /industrialized countries to cut greenhouse gas emissions
Kyoto Protocol (1997, 2005)
An amendment to the international treaty on climate change designed to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases emitted by specific countries
Kyoto Protocol
Describes the trapping of heat near Earth’s surface by gases in the atmosphere, particularly carbon dioxide.
Greenhouse effect
Radiatively active gases that absorb at wavelengths greater than 4 um. Restricts the outflow of long-wave (infrared) radiation.
Greenhouse Gases
What exactly does Greenhouse Gases do?
Restricts the outflow of long-wave (infrared) radiation from Earth
Follow-up/ Continuation to the Kyoto Protocol
Copenhagen Accord
To protect ozone layer by phasing out ozone depleting substances (CFCs, HCFCs, HFCs)
Montreal Protocol (1987)
6 Types of Gaseous Air Pollutants
CO2, CO, SOx, NOx, Oxidants, Chlorofluorocarbons
Air pollutant according to Clean Air Act
Any matter found in the atmosphere other than O2, N2, H2O, CO2 and inert gases all in their natural or normal concentrations
Sources of lead
Smelters
Refining processes,
Incineration of lead-containing waste.
What metal can be recovered from used car batteries?
Lead
Why lead is in fuels?
For its anti-knocking properties
Differentiate Pollutants:
Primary Pollutant
Secondary Pollutant
Criteria Pollutant
Non criteria Pollutant
*Primary Pollutant: form identifiable source
*Secondary Pollutant: from chemical reaction
*Criteria Pollutant: exists in all urban areas
*Non criteria Pollutant: industry-specific
Pollutant from identifiable source
Primary pollutant
Pollutant from chemical reaction
Secondary pollutant
Pollutants that result from atmospheric reactions and are not emissions from either people or nature
secondary pollutants
Sources of this pollutant is entirely from atmospheric reactions and are not direct emissions from either people or nature
Photochemical oxidants
Formed by the reactions of automobile exhaust in the presence of sunlight
Photochemical smog
Pollutant that exists in all urban areas
Criteria Pollutant
Enumerate the 6 Criteria Pollutants
- Ozone
- PM10 and PM2.5
- CO2
- SO2
- NO2
- Lead
Pollutants that are industry-specific
Non criteria Pollutant
Follow up to Montreal Protocol. Phase out production and consumption of ozone-depleting CFCs no later than 2000.
Helsinki Declaration
Main CFCs
CFC-11 and CFC-12
To strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change by keeping a global temperature rise this century below 2 degC, and later 1.5 degC
Paris Agreement (2015)
An international treaty on the control of transboundary hazardous wastes and their disposal
Basel Convention
International salute that is currently the primary basis of the Philippines in its latest dispute with Canada
Basel Convention
To eliminate or restrict the production and use of persistent organic pollutants (POPs)
Stockholm Convention (2001, 2004)
“Forever chemicals”, Organic compounds that are resistant to environmental degradation
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
Collective term for the initial POPs identified by the Stockholm Convention
Dirty Dozens
Enumerate the Dirty Dozen
1- Aldrin
2- Chlordane
3- DDT
4- Dieldrin
5- Dioxins
6- Endrin
7- Furans
8- Heptachlor
9- Hexachlorobenzene
10- Mirex
11- PCBs
12- Toxaphene
This provides the blueprint for action towards sustainable development
Agenda 21
A statement adopted at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 stressing the need for the world to develop a sustainable world economy.
Agenda 21
Climate Change Act
RA 9729 of 2009
Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) and Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) are examples of tools demanded by which ISO series?
ISO 14000
Energy Management System (EnMS).
ISO 50001
Accumulation of a toxic chemical in the tissue of a particular organism
Bioaccumulation
Increased concentration of a toxic chemical the higher an animal is on the food chain
Biomagnification / Bioamplification
The process where more harmful substances are produced from less harmful ones.
Synergism
It is used as bonding agents in building and furniture construction which may cause drowsiness nausea and headaches when exposed to low level concentration.
formaldehyde
Two types of solid waste
Putrescible waste
Municipal solid waste
Animal and vegetable waste resulting from the handling, preparation, cooking, and serving of food.
Putrescible waste
Subset of solid waste and is defined as durable goods, nondurable goods, containers and packaging, food wastes, yard trimmings and miscellaneous organic wastes from residential, commercial, and industrial nonprocess sources.
Municipal solid waste
The use of recycled products to make the same or similar products
Closed-loop, or primary recycling
The use of recycled materials to make new products with different characteristics than the originals
Secondary recycling
The recovery of chemicals or energy from postconsumer waste materials.
Tertiary recycling
It is defined as the controlled decomposition of organic materials, such as leaves, grass, and food scraps.
composting
PAN is a powerful lachrymator or tear producer formed from unburned hydrocarbons, aldehydes, nitrogen oxides and oxygen. PAN stands for ______
peroxyacetyl nitrate
Chemical reaction that removes volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into CO2 and H2O.
Combustion
Chemical reaction in which carbon, hydrogen and other elements in the waste mix with oxygen in the combustion zone and generates heat.
Incineration
Thermal processing of material in the absence of oxygen
Pyrolysis
Partial combustion in which a fuel is burned with less than a stoichiometric amount of oxygen
Gasification
Difference between Pyrolysis and Gasification
*Pyrolysis uses an external heat source to drive the endothermic reactions.
*Gasification reactions are self-sustaining.
A land disposal site employing an engineered land ina manner that minimizes environmental hazards by spreading the solid wastes to the smallest practical volume and applying and compacting cover material at the end of each day
Landfill
Liquid that passes through the landfill, extracts dissolved and suspended matter from the waste material
Leachate
Describe diseases:
Argyria
exposure to silver dust
Describe diseases:
Itai-itai
-cadmium exposure
-bone pain due to calcium loss
Describe diseases:
Minamata
-mercury exposure
-neurological, trembling and inability to speak
Describe diseases:
Devon colic
-lead poisoning
- from gasoline smoke (anti-knock properties)
Describe diseases:
Siderosis
-exposure to iron dust
Describe diseases:
Fluorisis
-exposure to fluoride in water or hydrofluoride HF in air
Waste Characteristics:
Corrosivity
substances with pH <2 or >12.5
Waste Characteristics:
Reactivity
-instability in normal conditions
-emission of unwanted gasses or explosions
Waste Characteristics:
Ignitability
Can create fire under certain conditions
Waste Characteristics:
Toxicity
may be harmful when ingested or absorbed
Wastewater Sources:
Point Sources
Non-point Sources
*Point Sources: single point of discharge
*Non-point Sources: multiple points of discharge
Any waste or combination of wastes that poses a substantial danger
Hazardous waste
Water Classification:
Class AA
Public Water Supply Class I
Uninhabited and protected watersheds
Water Classification:
Class A
Public Water Supply Class II
for drinking, but with treatment
Physical Treatment (coagulation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection)
Water Classification:
Class B
Recreational Supply Class I
for recreational activities (bathing, swimming)
Water Classification:
Class C
-Propagate fish for commercial and sustenance fishing
- Recreational Water Class 2 - boating, fishing, etc.
- Agriculture and fisheries
Water Classification:
Class D
for transportation (ship, boats)
Water Classification:
Class SA
-Protected waters: marine parks, reserves, sanctuaries
-Fishery Water Class 1 - shellfish harvesting
Water Classification:
Class SB
-Fishery Water Class 2 - commercial shellfish and for milkfish
-Tourism Zone
-Recreational Water Class 1 - bathing, swimming, diving
Water Classification:
Class SC
- Fishery Water Class 3 - propagate fish for commercial and sustenance fishing
- Recreational Water Class 2 - boating, fishing, etc.
- Marshes and Mangroves (fish and wildlife sanctuaries)
Water Classification:
Class SD
Navigable waters
Color of FRESH and SEPTIC sewage
fresh sewage: gray
septic sewage: black
Property of water that tends to scatter and absorb light rays due to the presence of suspended particles
Turbidity
Equivalent of Jackson Turbidity Unit
1 mg/L silica
Equipment to measure Turbidity
Jackson Turbidimeter
Secchi Disk Depth
Turbidity of clear lake
25 JTU
Turbidity of muddy water
> 100 JTU
Presence of volatile compounds like gasoline, oil, alcohol, ether etc. in municipal sewers may cause ____
explosion
Property of water that dictates survival aquatic life forms and affects solubility of O2
Temperature
Effect of temperature to DO in water
Increased T = lower O2 solubility and higher rate of O2 consumption
Dissolved oxygen in water decreases during ____
-summer
-fall
-winter
-spring
summer
Color of wastewater to little to no dissolved oxygen
Black
Property of water that may be caused by dissolved or suspended colloidal particles from decaying leaves & microscopic plants
Color
Equivalent of Color Unit
1mg/L platinum
Causes unpleasant smell in water
Hydrogen sulfide
Actual quantity of free O2 present in water
Dissolved Oxygen
Amount of oxygen consumed by bacteria and other microorganisms to decompose organic matter under aerobic conditions.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
BOD Conditions
5 day, 20degC and pH=7
Amount of oxygen needed to chemically oxidize the organic solids. It is important that organic wastes be removed to protect the receiving body of water into which the wastewater plant is discharging
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Saturated Dissolved Oxygen (10, 20, 25 degC)
*10C = 11.33 mg/L
*20C=9.11 mg/L
*25C=8.38 mg/L
COD Titrant
Strong oxidants such as Potassium Dichromate (K2Cr2O7) or
Potassium Permanganate (KMNO4)
When is COD = ThOD?
When the chemical composition (chemical formula) of wastewater is determined
Bacterial Classification based on Temperature:
Psychrophile
Psychrotroph
Mesophile
Thermophile
Psychrophile: 10 - 15 degC
Psychrotroph: 15 - 30 degC
Mesophile: 30 - 45 degC
Thermophile: 50 - 85 degC
Microorganism that grows well at 0°C with optimum growth temperature of 15°C or lower and a maximum temperature around 20°C.
psychrophiles
Bacteria which grow over the temperature range 7⁰ - 45⁰C
mesophiles
Bacteria which can grow at an optimum temperature range of 55⁰ to 85⁰C
Thermophile
Solid residue when water is evaporated at 103 – 1050C.
Total Solids
Amount of particulate matter, that are not soluble nor settleable, in a sample of water that can be trapped by a 0.45 µm filter.
Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
NITROGEN:
Describe Total N, Total Kjeldahl N, and Total Inorganic N
Total N: Organic N + Ammonia + Nitrates (NO3) & Nitrites (NO2)
Total Kjeldahl: Organic N + Ammonia
Total Inorganic N: Ammonia + Nitrates (NO3) & Nitrites (NO2)
Measure of the total organic and ammonia nitrogen in the wastewater.
Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN)
Measure of the acidity or alkalinity of water
pH
Sum of all titratable bases to a pH approximately 4.5
Alkalinity
Resistance of acids to pH changes
Acidity
Resistance of bases to pH changes
Alkalinity
Water pH levels for living organisms
6 to 9
Cause hardness in water and formation
of scales and deposits on pipelines and fittings if used in industry.
Calcium and Magnesium Salts
Basic components of fertilizer, serves as nutrients for microbial growth in particular algae.
Nitrogen and Phosphorus
Refers to the heavy metals which are toxic even in small concentrations.
Trace Metals
A type of microorganism used for monitoring the pathogenic property of water.
coliform
It is the phenomenon that results in the overabundance of algae growth in bodies of water. It is also the natural process of nutrient enrichment that occurs over time in a body of water.
Eutrophication
Effect of Phosphorus in Water
Algae production
Effect of Nitrogen in Water
- Algae production
- Steal O2: NH3 -> NO2
- Disinfection: Create Chloramines
- at High Conc: Toxic to Fishes
Major Source of Trace Elements
Natural weathering of rock minerals
In the determination of BOD, the reaction takes place in the dark because ____
Algae may be present and produce oxygen
The detrimental effect on organism and water quality with temperature rise of aquatic system is the reduction of ________ of water.
Dissolved oxygen content
- Statistical method of determining microbial populations
- Technique used to determine it
Most Probable Number (MPN)
Multiple Dilution Tube Technique
The highest allowable level of drinking water contaminent
Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL)
Shows the concentration of DO in a river in relation to its general health
DO Sag Curve
Sources of oxygen in rivers and streams
- reaeration from atmosphere
- photosynthesis from plants
Lowest point in the sag curve to give the worst condition in the DO
Critical Point
Used to describe the changes in BOD in a stream/ river
Streeter-Phelps Model
Rate constants (k)
T=20C: k,20C=0.23/day
Where
T< 20C: θ=1.135
T= 20-30C: θ=1.056
T> 30C: θ=1.047
Wastewater treatment that removes suspended solids and toxic materials via physical and chemical means.
Primary Treatment
Wastewater treatment that removes fine suspended, colloidal and dissolved organics via biochemical oxidation,
Secondary treatment
A wastewater with a BOD/COD = 1 indicates that ____
Biological treatment is most practical
Tertiary treatment of wastewater includes the following, except
(a) adsorption
(b) reverse osmosis
(c) ion exchange
(d) filtration
filtration
Performed to retain solids found in wastewater and prevent clogging
Screening
Grind up course solids in raw wastewater w/o removing them from flow
Comminutors
Technique used to overcome operational problems caused by variation in influent wastewater flow rate
Flow Equalization
Water treatment that destroys disease-causing bacteria, nuisance bacteria, parasites and other organisms and removes soluble irons, manganese and hydrogen sulfide from water.
chlorination
The amount of chlorine available in water after the disinfection is called
____
Residual chlorine
In water treatment plant, zeolite process is used to remove the __________ of water.
hardness
Sum of all polyvalent cations in water
Water Hardness
Total hardness equation
TH = Mg + Ca
Process in which zeolite is used to remove hardness
Permutit
Differentiate:
Carbonate hardness VS Non-Carbonate hardness
Carbonate hardness (Temporary) is due to presence of bicarbonate and carbonate salts of Mg and Ca.
Noncarbonate hardness (Permanent) is contributed by sulfate and chloride salts of Mg and Ca.
What substance in water is removed by Lime Soda Process?
temporary hardness
Hardness of water is usually expressed in parts per million of ____
Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)
Hardness Description:
Enumerate description and concentration
Soft: <17.1
Slightly hard: 17.1-60
Moderately hard: 60-120
Hard: 120-180
Very Hard: >180
A standard test for determination of hardness in water is termed as __________ test.
EDTA
Hard water can be softened by ___
letting the calcium or magnesium ions settle out
Type of wastewater treatment that employs physical and chemical treatment methods to remove or reduce a high percentage of suspended solids and toxic materials.
Primary Treatment
Process whereby coarse matter (suspended or floating) of a certain size can be strained out of flowing water with the aide of bars, fine wires or rocks.
screening
Removal of all settleable particles rendered settleable under the influence of gravity, basically the theory of gravity under the influence of which all particles heavier than water tend to settle down.
sedimentation
To disperse quickly the chemicals in water
Mixing
Used to change the surface charge on the particles so they can accumulate and settle better by gravity
Coagulation
Alum, a coagulant of water, is ____
aluminum sulfate
Precipitates are brought together in contact via mixing
Flocculation
Separation from water by gravitational settling particles heavier than water
Sedimentation
Oil and grease present in an emulsified state in wastewater discharged from industries can be removed by
settling out using chemical reagents.
Unit operation used to separate liquid from solids that settle slowly
Flotation
It is simply fixed-medium biological reactor with the wastewater being spread over the surface of a solid medium where the microbes.
Trickling Filters
Involved production of activated mass of microbes capable of stabilizing waste aerobically
Activated Sludge
Process in which wastewater is subjected to air
Activated sludge process
Large earthen basins in which wastewater is treated by natural processes involving bacteria
Oxidation ponds
Oxidation Ponds:
Shallow ponds where dissolved oxygen is maintained throughout the depth
Aerobic ponds
Oxidation Ponds:
Ponds oxygenated by surface or by diffused air operation
Aerated ponds
Oxidation Ponds:
Has 3 zones:
-upper: aerobic
-middle: facultative
-lower: anaerobic
Facultative ponds
Oxidation Ponds:
Deep ponds the receive high organic loadings to deplete all dissolved oxygen
Anaerobic ponds
Oxidation Ponds:
Used for polishing effluents from biological processes
Maturation ponds
Shallow ponds for storm and wastewater treatment that create growing conditions suitable for wetland plants
Natural/ Constructed Wetlands
In facultative stabilization pond, the sewage is treated by _____
Dual action of aerobic bacteria and anaerobic bacteria
Wastewater treatment that uses small plastic media to support the growth of biofilm in the reactor
Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR)
Series of closely spaced discs mounted on a horizontal shaft and rotated while half of their surface area is immersed in wastewater.
Rotating Biological Contactors (RBC)
The sludge from wastewater treatment when subjected to anaerobic digestion produces a gas which can be used as fuel. This important gas is ____
methane
Polluted water having low BOD are most economically treated in ____
oxidation ponds
Presence of volatile compounds like gasoline, oil, alcohol, ether etc. in municipal sewers may cause ____
explosion
Presence of soluble organics in polluted water causes _____
depletion of oxygen.
Atmosphere layer where all weather phenomena occurs
Troposphere
Atmospheric pollution caused by the exhaust gas of supersonic transport air-crafts is
mostly in the atmospheric region called _____
Stratosphere
Most of the atmospheric air pollutants are present in large quantity in
Troposphere
Wind tends to be strongest at the ____
Tropopause
Atmosphere layer where the coldest part of the atmosphere is located.
Mesosphere
Atmosphere layer where meteors burn due to friction with gas molecules
Mesosphere
Atmosphere layer where air is thin and sensitive to solar activity & can heat up to 1500degC
Thermosphere
Atmosphere layer where space stations or space shuttle reside
Thermosphere
Upper layer of atmosphere where atoms & molecules escape into space
Exosphere
Total Suspended Particles
All atmostpeheric particles < 100 um
Size of PM 10 & PM 2.5
< 10 um, < 2.5 um
Which of the following pollutants, if present
in atmosphere is detectable by its odor?
A. CO
B. SO2
C. NO2
D. CO2
B. SO2
Smog is not formed due to the presence of __________ in the atmosphere.
A. SO2
B. NOx
C. CO2
D. any of these
CO2
Major components of photochemical smog
NOx and hydrocarbon
Pollutant responsible for the reddish-brown color of smog
NO2
These reddish brown oxides in concentrated form may produce an abnormal accumulation of fluids in the lungs.
NOx
Odorless and colorless gas that is lethal to humans with short exposure to concentrations exceeding 5000 ppm.
carbon monoxide
Reacts with hemoglobin in the blood rendering the latter incapable of carrying oxygen to the body.
carbon monoxide
Estimated variations in earth’s mean surface temperature over the past 135 years correlate closely with…
carbon dioxide
Which of the acid combination is the dominant composition of acid rain?
nitric acid and sulfuric acid
Describe ozone
Secondary pollutant
Bleaching agent
Oxidizing Agent
Disinfectant
It is very unstable gas used for disinfection, a very powerful oxidant capable of oxidizing 200 to 300 times more than chlorine and can reduce complex taste, odor and color.
Ozone
Colorless and odorless gas that can be found in the upper layers of the atmosphere and severs as our protection from the Sun’s harmful rays
ozone
Catalyst for the decomposition of ozone
Cl2 (chlorine atoms)
Component of CFCs that causes destruction of 100,000 molecules of ozone.
chlorine
Meaning of BTEX
Benzene
Toluene
Ethylbenzene
Xylene
Which of the following is NOT classified as heavy industry in the list of environmentally critical projects?
A. Iron and steel industry
B. Non-ferrous metal industry
C. Smelting plants
D. Forestry projects
Forestry projects
Which biogeochemical cycle has bacteria living in a symbiotic relationship with the roots of legumes?
Nitrogen cycle
Describe Nitrogen cycle
Ammonification: ammonifying bacteria / decomposers N2 to NH4
Nitrification:
a) Nitrosomas - NH4 to NO2
b) Nitrobacter - NO2 to NO3
Denitrification: NO3 to N2
Nitrogen Fixation: Nitrogen fixing bacteria N2 to NH3
By which process is carbon dioxide released from plants back to the atmosphere?
Respiration
Process where decomposers return back the nitrogen to the soils through the remains and waste of plants and animals.
ammonification
Process of converting nitrogen gas to ammonia is called _____
nitrogen fixation
Which of the following natural phenomena plays a part in the
nitrogen cycle?
a. evaporation
b. lightning
c. snow
d. rain
lightning
Generic term used to describe the particulate matter carried in the effluent gases from furnaces burning fossil fuels.
fly ash
Change in air temperature with height
Lapse Rate
Tendency of atmosphere to resist or enhance vertical motion
Stability
Thermal structure that neither enhances nor resists mechanical turbulence
Neutral Atmosphere
or Adiabatic
Lapse rate for Neutral Atmosphere
1 deg C/ 100m
Thermal structure that enhances mechanical turbulence
Unstable Atmosphere
or Superadiabatic
Thermal structure that inhibits mechanical displacement.
Stable Atmosphere
or Subadiabatic
Determine whether the atmosphere is unstable, neutral or stable temperature profiles (Z in m vs T in degC), is unstable, neutral or stable.
(a) 2, -3.05 and 318, -6.21;
(b) 10, 6 and 202, 3.09;
(c) 18, 14.03 and 286, 16.71.
neutral, unstable, stable
A phenomenon where a cold layer of air becomes trapped by a layer of warmer air above due to a lack of wind circulation of the presence of certain topographical features, such as mountains, resulting to air pollution being trapped in the lower, cooler layers of the troposphere.
thermal inversion
It is described as the cloud of air pollution trapped by thermal inversion.
smog
Air Pollution Control Equipment based on size of particulates
Settling Chamber: > 50 microns
Cyclone collector: 20-50 microns
Scrubber: 5-20 microns
Filter: 1-10 microns (cloth), 0.1 microns (acetate membrane)
Electrostatic precipitators: > 1 microns
Particle size handled by:
Settling Chamber
Settling Chamber: > 50 microns
Particle size handled by:
Cyclone collector
Cyclone collector: 20-45 microns
Particle size handled by:
Scrubber
Scrubber: 5-20 microns
Particle size handled by:
Filter
Filter: 1-10 microns (cloth), 0.1 microns (acetate membrane)
Particle size handled by:
Electrostatic precipitators
Electrostatic precipitators: < 1 microns
These are compartments that use gravitational force to extract dust and mist and typically used only for larger particles.
Settling chamber
Uses static electricity in precipitators to pull out unburnt carbon from smoke
Electrostatic Precipitator
Unburned particles of carbon in smoke is pulled out by this device, leaving clean hat to escape the smokestacks
Electrostatic Precipitators
If your are a chemical engineer and in the cement industry, how will you collect the dust?
Use Electrostatic Precipitator
A gas chamber containing a vortex, the gas moving up and the larger particles dropping down
Cyclone Separators
Entrains particulate and gaseous pollutants in liquid droplets.
Wet / Liquid Scrubber
Used for wet, corrosive or very hot particulate matter
Liquid Scrubber
Removes harmful materials from industrial exhaust
Scrubber
Converts volatile organic carbon (VOC) to CO2 & H2O through combustion
Incineration
Process of capturing CO2 and storing it below the ground, pumping it into geologic layers
Carbon Capture and Storage
Equipment where gas stream is passed through a porous membrane.
Bag House and Filters
Gases, vapors, or liquids are concentrated on a surface of a solid as a result of surface or chemical force.
Adsorption
Which of the following dust collection equipments is the least efficient (for sub-micronic particles) ?
a. Dust catcher (gravity type)
b. Cyclone separator
c. Bag filter
d. Hollow wet scrubber
Dust catcher (gravity type)
Most efficient and suitable dust removal equipment for removal of fly ash from flue gas in a thermal power plant.
electrostatic precipitator
Particulates (< 1μm size) remaining suspended in air indefinitely and transported by wind currents are called
aerosols
Presence of excess flourine in water causes
fluorosis
Siderosis is a disease caused by the inhalation of __________ dust.
iron
Fluorosis (a bone disease) is caused by the presence of high concentration of __________ in atmospheric air.
hydrogen fluoride, HF
Turbidity of water is an indication of the presence of ____
suspended inorganic matter
Radioactive solid nuclear wastes are disposed off by
underground burial in concrete containers
Environmental Management System adopts an important continuous improvement approach in the following order,
PDAC
Plan-Do-Act-Check
Sulfur Dioxide is a dangerous air pollutant and harms plant life. What changes in the plant indicate its toxic effect?
bleaching of the leaves
The greatest amount of food per acre is produced in the ____
Marine biome
An assembly of mutually interacting organisms and their environment in which materials are interchanged in a largely cyclical manner
Ecosystem
Biological process in which high-energy molecules are broken down in the presence of oxygen and water into carbon dioxide and water, with the release of energy
Photosynthesis
Amount of chemical oxidant required to completely
oxidize a source of organic matter
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Amount of oxygen utilized by microorganisms in oxidizing carbonaceous and/or nitrogenous organic matter, assuming that all of the organic matter is subject to microbial breakdown
Theoretical Oxygen Demand
Polluted water having a low BOD are most economically treated in ____
Oxidation ponds
Plastic Classifications:
Enumerate the plastics
si Pete na-High sa Chlorine, na-Low sa ka-PPSP ng Iba
1) Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET or PETE)
2) High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
3) Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC or Vinyl)
4) Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE)
5) Polypropylene (PP)
6) Polystyrene (PS or Styrofoam)
7) Other.
It is the most common thermoplastic polymer resin of the polyester family.
PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate)
It is the most commonly recycled plastic and is considered one of the safest forms of plastic.
HDPE (High Density Polyethylene)
It is dubbed the “poison plastic” because it contains numerous toxins which it can leach throughout its entire life cycle.
PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride)
Determine the Plastic:
soft drink bottles
PETE (Polyethylene Terephthalate)
Determine the Plastic:
milk jugs
shampoo bottles
laundry detergent bottles
HDPE (High Density Polyethylene)
Determine the Plastic:
food packaging
wire insulation
piping
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
Determine the Plastic:
food wrapping
trash bags
grocery bags
baby diapers
LDPE (Low Density Polyethylene)
Determine the Plastic:
automobile battery casings
bottle caps
PP (Polypropylene)
Determine the Plastic:
food packaging
foam cups
plates
eating utensils
PS (Polystyrene)
Determine the Plastic:
fence posts
benches
pallets
Mixed Plastics
Dictate the Layers of Atmosphere
This Snake Must Think: I’m Evil
*Troposphere
*Stratosphere
*Mesosphere
*Thermosphere
*Ionosphere
*Exosphere
Rank the Solid Waste Management Options
- Reduce
- Reuse
- Recycling
- Recovery
- Disposal
Sometimes Prevention is #1
In the process of ozone depletion, the Chlorine gets recycle thus rendering its long lifetime in the atmosphere. The basic unit of measure of ozone layer thickness is named after:
(A) Henri Buisson
(B) Charles Fabry
(C) Sydney Chapman
(D) GM Dobson
(D) GM Dobson
Inhalation of lead compounds present in automobile exhaust (using leaded petrol) causes
A. Blood poisoning
B. Anaemia
C. Nervous system disorder
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Which of the following plastics may not be safe for food packaging
(A) Polystyrene
(B) Polyethylene terephthalate
(C) High density polyethylene
(D) None of these
(D) None of these
Presence of nitrogen in high concentration in contaminated air reduces partial pressure of oxygen in lungs, thereby causing asphyxia (suffocation) leading to death from oxygen deficiency. Concentration of N2 in contaminated air at which it acts as a natural asphyxant is ≥ __________ percent.
84%
Soluble silica present in boiler feed water can be removed by ____
A. Coagulation
B. Filtration
C. Anion exchanger
D. Preheating it
C. Anion exchanger
The main pollutant in wastewater discharged from a petroleum refinery oil (both in free and emulsified form). Free oil is removed by
(A) Trickling filters
(B) Aerated lagoons
(C) Biological oxygen pond
(D) Gravity separator having oil skimming devices
(D) Gravity separator having oil skimming devices
Automobile exhaust is passed through two compartment catalytic converter employing platinum as catalyst for
(A) Conversion of CO into CO2 in the second compartment
(B) Conversion of NOx
into N2 and NH3 in the first compartment
(C) Oxidation of unburnt hydrocarbon fuel in the second compartment
(D) All (a), (b) and (c)
(D) All (a), (b) and (c)
Iron & manganese present as pollutant in water can not be removed by
A. Ion exchange process
B. Oxidation followed by settling & filtration
C. Lime soda process or manganese zeolite process
D. Chlorination
D. Chlorination
Operating principle of cyclone separator is based on the action of ___________ dust particles,
(A) Diffusion of
(B) Centrifugal force on
(C) Gravitational force on
(D) Electrostatic force on
(B) Centrifugal force on
It is called fog when its concentration is high enough to obscure visibility.
(A) Mist
(B) Fume
(C) Smoke
(D) Spray
(A) Mist
Mist is also called ____ when its concentration is high enough to obscure visibility.
fog
Which of the following is NOT used as a coagulant aid?
(A) Activated silica
(B) Clay
(C) Polymer
(D) Ferric chloride
(A) Activated silica
