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ChE LE Flashcards > Environmental Engineering > Flashcards

Environmental Engineering Flashcards

1
Q

KEYWORDS:
*Quality Management System
*Food Safety Management
*Environmental Management System
*Social Responsibility
*Risk Management
*Energy Management
*Risk Management

A

*ISO 9000: Quality Management System
*ISO 22000: Food Safety Management
*ISO 14000: Environmental Management System
*ISO 26000: Social Responsibility
*ISO 31000: Risk Management
*ISO 50001: Energy Management

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2
Q

KEYWORDS:
Match the ff keywords
* POPs
* Ozone Depleting Substances
* Greenhouse Gases
* Movement of Hazardous Waste
* Follow up to Kyoto
* Follow up to Montreal

A
  • POPs:
    Stockholm Convention
  • Ozone Depleting Substances:
    Montreal Protocol
  • Greenhouse Gases:
    Kyoto Protocol
  • Movement of Hazardous Waste:
    Basel Convention
  • Follow up to Kyoto
    Copenhagen Accord
  • Follow up to Montreal:
    Helsinki Declaration
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3
Q

KEYWORDS:
Match the ff keywords
* Toxic and Hazardous Waste
* Ecological Solid Waste Act
* Philippine Clean Water Act
* Philippine Clean Air Act

A
  • Toxic and Hazardous Waste
    RA 6969
  • Ecological Solid Waste Act
    RA 9003
  • Philippine Clean Water Act
    RA 9275
  • Philippine Clean Air Act
    RA 8749
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4
Q

An international agreement setting targets for developed /industrialized countries to cut greenhouse gas emissions

A

Kyoto Protocol (1997, 2005)

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5
Q

An amendment to the international treaty on climate change designed to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases emitted by specific countries

A

Kyoto Protocol

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6
Q

Describes the trapping of heat near Earth’s surface by gases in the atmosphere, particularly carbon dioxide.

A

Greenhouse effect

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7
Q

Radiatively active gases that absorb at wavelengths greater than 4 um. Restricts the outflow of long-wave (infrared) radiation.

A

Greenhouse Gases

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8
Q

What exactly does Greenhouse Gases do?

A

Restricts the outflow of long-wave (infrared) radiation from Earth

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9
Q

Follow-up/ Continuation to the Kyoto Protocol

A

Copenhagen Accord

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10
Q

To protect ozone layer by phasing out ozone depleting substances (CFCs, HCFCs, HFCs)

A

Montreal Protocol (1987)

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11
Q

6 Types of Gaseous Air Pollutants

A

CO2, CO, SOx, NOx, Oxidants, Chlorofluorocarbons

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12
Q

Air pollutant according to Clean Air Act

A

Any matter found in the atmosphere other than O2, N2, H2O, CO2 and inert gases all in their natural or normal concentrations

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13
Q

Sources of lead

A

Smelters
Refining processes,
Incineration of lead-containing waste.

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14
Q

What metal can be recovered from used car batteries?

A

Lead

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15
Q

Why lead is in fuels?

A

For its anti-knocking properties

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16
Q

Differentiate Pollutants:
Primary Pollutant
Secondary Pollutant
Criteria Pollutant
Non criteria Pollutant

A

*Primary Pollutant: form identifiable source
*Secondary Pollutant: from chemical reaction
*Criteria Pollutant: exists in all urban areas
*Non criteria Pollutant: industry-specific

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17
Q

Pollutant from identifiable source

A

Primary pollutant

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18
Q

Pollutant from chemical reaction

A

Secondary pollutant

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19
Q

Pollutants that result from atmospheric reactions and are not emissions from either people or nature

A

secondary pollutants

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20
Q

Sources of this pollutant is entirely from atmospheric reactions and are not direct emissions from either people or nature

A

Photochemical oxidants

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21
Q

Formed by the reactions of automobile exhaust in the presence of sunlight

A

Photochemical smog

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22
Q

Pollutant that exists in all urban areas

A

Criteria Pollutant

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23
Q

Enumerate the 6 Criteria Pollutants

A
  1. Ozone
  2. PM10 and PM2.5
  3. CO2
  4. SO2
  5. NO2
  6. Lead
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24
Q

Pollutants that are industry-specific

A

Non criteria Pollutant

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25
Q

Follow up to Montreal Protocol. Phase out production and consumption of ozone-depleting CFCs no later than 2000.

A

Helsinki Declaration

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26
Q

Main CFCs

A

CFC-11 and CFC-12

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27
Q

To strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change by keeping a global temperature rise this century below 2 degC, and later 1.5 degC

A

Paris Agreement (2015)

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28
Q

An international treaty on the control of transboundary hazardous wastes and their disposal

A

Basel Convention

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29
Q

International salute that is currently the primary basis of the Philippines in its latest dispute with Canada

A

Basel Convention

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30
Q

To eliminate or restrict the production and use of persistent organic pollutants (POPs)

A

Stockholm Convention (2001, 2004)

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31
Q

“Forever chemicals”, Organic compounds that are resistant to environmental degradation

A

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)

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32
Q

Collective term for the initial POPs identified by the Stockholm Convention

A

Dirty Dozens

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33
Q

Enumerate the Dirty Dozen

A

1- Aldrin
2- Chlordane
3- DDT
4- Dieldrin
5- Dioxins
6- Endrin
7- Furans
8- Heptachlor
9- Hexachlorobenzene
10- Mirex
11- PCBs
12- Toxaphene

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34
Q

This provides the blueprint for action towards sustainable development

A

Agenda 21

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35
Q

A statement adopted at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 stressing the need for the world to develop a sustainable world economy.

A

Agenda 21

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36
Q

Climate Change Act

A

RA 9729 of 2009

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37
Q

Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) and Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) are examples of tools demanded by which ISO series?

A

ISO 14000

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38
Q

Energy Management System (EnMS).

A

ISO 50001

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39
Q

Accumulation of a toxic chemical in the tissue of a particular organism

A

Bioaccumulation

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40
Q

Increased concentration of a toxic chemical the higher an animal is on the food chain

A

Biomagnification / Bioamplification

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41
Q

The process where more harmful substances are produced from less harmful ones.

A

Synergism

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42
Q

It is used as bonding agents in building and furniture construction which may cause drowsiness nausea and headaches when exposed to low level concentration.

A

formaldehyde

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43
Q

Two types of solid waste

A

Putrescible waste
Municipal solid waste

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44
Q

Animal and vegetable waste resulting from the handling, preparation, cooking, and serving of food.

A

Putrescible waste

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45
Q

Subset of solid waste and is defined as durable goods, nondurable goods, containers and packaging, food wastes, yard trimmings and miscellaneous organic wastes from residential, commercial, and industrial nonprocess sources.

A

Municipal solid waste

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46
Q

The use of recycled products to make the same or similar products

A

Closed-loop, or primary recycling

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47
Q

The use of recycled materials to make new products with different characteristics than the originals

A

Secondary recycling

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48
Q

The recovery of chemicals or energy from postconsumer waste materials.

A

Tertiary recycling

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49
Q

It is defined as the controlled decomposition of organic materials, such as leaves, grass, and food scraps.

A

composting

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50
Q

PAN is a powerful lachrymator or tear producer formed from unburned hydrocarbons, aldehydes, nitrogen oxides and oxygen. PAN stands for ______

A

peroxyacetyl nitrate

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51
Q

Chemical reaction that removes volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into CO2 and H2O.

A

Combustion

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52
Q

Chemical reaction in which carbon, hydrogen and other elements in the waste mix with oxygen in the combustion zone and generates heat.

A

Incineration

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53
Q

Thermal processing of material in the absence of oxygen

A

Pyrolysis

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54
Q

Partial combustion in which a fuel is burned with less than a stoichiometric amount of oxygen

A

Gasification

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55
Q

Difference between Pyrolysis and Gasification

A

*Pyrolysis uses an external heat source to drive the endothermic reactions.
*Gasification reactions are self-sustaining.

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56
Q

A land disposal site employing an engineered land ina manner that minimizes environmental hazards by spreading the solid wastes to the smallest practical volume and applying and compacting cover material at the end of each day

A

Landfill

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57
Q

Liquid that passes through the landfill, extracts dissolved and suspended matter from the waste material

A

Leachate

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58
Q

Describe diseases:
Argyria

A

exposure to silver dust

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59
Q

Describe diseases:
Itai-itai

A

-cadmium exposure
-bone pain due to calcium loss

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60
Q

Describe diseases:
Minamata

A

-mercury exposure
-neurological, trembling and inability to speak

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61
Q

Describe diseases:
Devon colic

A

-lead poisoning
- from gasoline smoke (anti-knock properties)

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62
Q

Describe diseases:
Siderosis

A

-exposure to iron dust

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63
Q

Describe diseases:
Fluorisis

A

-exposure to fluoride in water or hydrofluoride HF in air

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64
Q

Waste Characteristics:
Corrosivity

A

substances with pH <2 or >12.5

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65
Q

Waste Characteristics:
Reactivity

A

-instability in normal conditions
-emission of unwanted gasses or explosions

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66
Q

Waste Characteristics:
Ignitability

A

Can create fire under certain conditions

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67
Q

Waste Characteristics:
Toxicity

A

may be harmful when ingested or absorbed

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68
Q

Wastewater Sources:
Point Sources
Non-point Sources

A

*Point Sources: single point of discharge
*Non-point Sources: multiple points of discharge

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69
Q

Any waste or combination of wastes that poses a substantial danger

A

Hazardous waste

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70
Q

Water Classification:
Class AA

A

Public Water Supply Class I
Uninhabited and protected watersheds

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71
Q

Water Classification:
Class A

A

Public Water Supply Class II
for drinking, but with treatment
Physical Treatment (coagulation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection)

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72
Q

Water Classification:
Class B

A

Recreational Supply Class I
for recreational activities (bathing, swimming)

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73
Q

Water Classification:
Class C

A

-Propagate fish for commercial and sustenance fishing
- Recreational Water Class 2 - boating, fishing, etc.
- Agriculture and fisheries

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74
Q

Water Classification:
Class D

A

for transportation (ship, boats)

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75
Q

Water Classification:
Class SA

A

-Protected waters: marine parks, reserves, sanctuaries
-Fishery Water Class 1 - shellfish harvesting

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76
Q

Water Classification:
Class SB

A

-Fishery Water Class 2 - commercial shellfish and for milkfish
-Tourism Zone
-Recreational Water Class 1 - bathing, swimming, diving

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77
Q

Water Classification:
Class SC

A
  • Fishery Water Class 3 - propagate fish for commercial and sustenance fishing
  • Recreational Water Class 2 - boating, fishing, etc.
  • Marshes and Mangroves (fish and wildlife sanctuaries)
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78
Q

Water Classification:
Class SD

A

Navigable waters

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79
Q

Color of FRESH and SEPTIC sewage

A

fresh sewage: gray
septic sewage: black

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80
Q

Property of water that tends to scatter and absorb light rays due to the presence of suspended particles

A

Turbidity

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81
Q

Equivalent of Jackson Turbidity Unit

A

1 mg/L silica

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82
Q

Equipment to measure Turbidity

A

Jackson Turbidimeter
Secchi Disk Depth

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83
Q

Turbidity of clear lake

A

25 JTU

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84
Q

Turbidity of muddy water

A

> 100 JTU

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85
Q

Presence of volatile compounds like gasoline, oil, alcohol, ether etc. in municipal sewers may cause ____

A

explosion

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86
Q

Property of water that dictates survival aquatic life forms and affects solubility of O2

A

Temperature

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87
Q

Effect of temperature to DO in water

A

Increased T = lower O2 solubility and higher rate of O2 consumption

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88
Q

Dissolved oxygen in water decreases during ____
-summer
-fall
-winter
-spring

A

summer

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89
Q

Color of wastewater to little to no dissolved oxygen

A

Black

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90
Q

Property of water that may be caused by dissolved or suspended colloidal particles from decaying leaves & microscopic plants

A

Color

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91
Q

Equivalent of Color Unit

A

1mg/L platinum

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92
Q

Causes unpleasant smell in water

A

Hydrogen sulfide

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93
Q

Actual quantity of free O2 present in water

A

Dissolved Oxygen

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94
Q

Amount of oxygen consumed by bacteria and other microorganisms to decompose organic matter under aerobic conditions.

A

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

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95
Q

BOD Conditions

A

5 day, 20degC and pH=7

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96
Q

Amount of oxygen needed to chemically oxidize the organic solids. It is important that organic wastes be removed to protect the receiving body of water into which the wastewater plant is discharging

A

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

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97
Q

Saturated Dissolved Oxygen (10, 20, 25 degC)

A

*10C = 11.33 mg/L
*20C=9.11 mg/L
*25C=8.38 mg/L

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98
Q

COD Titrant

A

Strong oxidants such as Potassium Dichromate (K2Cr2O7) or
Potassium Permanganate (KMNO4)

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99
Q

When is COD = ThOD?

A

When the chemical composition (chemical formula) of wastewater is determined

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100
Q

Bacterial Classification based on Temperature:
Psychrophile
Psychrotroph
Mesophile
Thermophile

A

Psychrophile: 10 - 15 degC
Psychrotroph: 15 - 30 degC
Mesophile: 30 - 45 degC
Thermophile: 50 - 85 degC

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101
Q

Microorganism that grows well at 0°C with optimum growth temperature of 15°C or lower and a maximum temperature around 20°C.

A

psychrophiles

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102
Q

Bacteria which grow over the temperature range 7⁰ - 45⁰C

A

mesophiles

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103
Q

Bacteria which can grow at an optimum temperature range of 55⁰ to 85⁰C

A

Thermophile

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104
Q

Solid residue when water is evaporated at 103 – 1050C.

A

Total Solids

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105
Q

Amount of particulate matter, that are not soluble nor settleable, in a sample of water that can be trapped by a 0.45 µm filter.

A

Total Suspended Solids (TSS)

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106
Q

NITROGEN:
Describe Total N, Total Kjeldahl N, and Total Inorganic N

A

Total N: Organic N + Ammonia + Nitrates (NO3) & Nitrites (NO2)

Total Kjeldahl: Organic N + Ammonia

Total Inorganic N: Ammonia + Nitrates (NO3) & Nitrites (NO2)

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107
Q

Measure of the total organic and ammonia nitrogen in the wastewater.

A

Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN)

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108
Q

Measure of the acidity or alkalinity of water

A

pH

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109
Q

Sum of all titratable bases to a pH approximately 4.5

A

Alkalinity

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110
Q

Resistance of acids to pH changes

A

Acidity

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111
Q

Resistance of bases to pH changes

A

Alkalinity

112
Q

Water pH levels for living organisms

A

6 to 9

113
Q

Cause hardness in water and formation
of scales and deposits on pipelines and fittings if used in industry.

A

Calcium and Magnesium Salts

114
Q

Basic components of fertilizer, serves as nutrients for microbial growth in particular algae.

A

Nitrogen and Phosphorus

115
Q

Refers to the heavy metals which are toxic even in small concentrations.

A

Trace Metals

116
Q

A type of microorganism used for monitoring the pathogenic property of water.

A

coliform

117
Q

It is the phenomenon that results in the overabundance of algae growth in bodies of water. It is also the natural process of nutrient enrichment that occurs over time in a body of water.

A

Eutrophication

118
Q

Effect of Phosphorus in Water

A

Algae production

119
Q

Effect of Nitrogen in Water

A
  1. Algae production
  2. Steal O2: NH3 -> NO2
  3. Disinfection: Create Chloramines
  4. at High Conc: Toxic to Fishes
120
Q

Major Source of Trace Elements

A

Natural weathering of rock minerals

121
Q

In the determination of BOD, the reaction takes place in the dark because ____

A

Algae may be present and produce oxygen

122
Q

The detrimental effect on organism and water quality with temperature rise of aquatic system is the reduction of ________ of water.

A

Dissolved oxygen content

123
Q
  1. Statistical method of determining microbial populations
  2. Technique used to determine it
A

Most Probable Number (MPN)
Multiple Dilution Tube Technique

124
Q

The highest allowable level of drinking water contaminent

A

Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL)

125
Q

Shows the concentration of DO in a river in relation to its general health

A

DO Sag Curve

126
Q

Sources of oxygen in rivers and streams

A
  • reaeration from atmosphere
  • photosynthesis from plants
127
Q

Lowest point in the sag curve to give the worst condition in the DO

A

Critical Point

128
Q

Used to describe the changes in BOD in a stream/ river

A

Streeter-Phelps Model

129
Q

Rate constants (k)

A

T=20C: k,20C=0.23/day
Where
T< 20C: θ=1.135
T= 20-30C: θ=1.056
T> 30C: θ=1.047

130
Q

Wastewater treatment that removes suspended solids and toxic materials via physical and chemical means.

A

Primary Treatment

131
Q

Wastewater treatment that removes fine suspended, colloidal and dissolved organics via biochemical oxidation,

A

Secondary treatment

132
Q

A wastewater with a BOD/COD = 1 indicates that ____

A

Biological treatment is most practical

133
Q

Tertiary treatment of wastewater includes the following, except
(a) adsorption
(b) reverse osmosis
(c) ion exchange
(d) filtration

A

filtration

134
Q

Performed to retain solids found in wastewater and prevent clogging

A

Screening

135
Q

Grind up course solids in raw wastewater w/o removing them from flow

A

Comminutors

136
Q

Technique used to overcome operational problems caused by variation in influent wastewater flow rate

A

Flow Equalization

137
Q

Water treatment that destroys disease-causing bacteria, nuisance bacteria, parasites and other organisms and removes soluble irons, manganese and hydrogen sulfide from water.

A

chlorination

138
Q

The amount of chlorine available in water after the disinfection is called
____

A

Residual chlorine

139
Q

In water treatment plant, zeolite process is used to remove the __________ of water.

A

hardness

140
Q

Sum of all polyvalent cations in water

A

Water Hardness

141
Q

Total hardness equation

A

TH = Mg + Ca

142
Q

Process in which zeolite is used to remove hardness

A

Permutit

143
Q

Differentiate:
Carbonate hardness VS Non-Carbonate hardness

A

Carbonate hardness (Temporary) is due to presence of bicarbonate and carbonate salts of Mg and Ca.
Noncarbonate hardness (Permanent) is contributed by sulfate and chloride salts of Mg and Ca.

144
Q

What substance in water is removed by Lime Soda Process?

A

temporary hardness

145
Q

Hardness of water is usually expressed in parts per million of ____

A

Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)

146
Q

Hardness Description:
Enumerate description and concentration

A

Soft: <17.1
Slightly hard: 17.1-60
Moderately hard: 60-120
Hard: 120-180
Very Hard: >180

147
Q

A standard test for determination of hardness in water is termed as __________ test.

A

EDTA

148
Q

Hard water can be softened by ___

A

letting the calcium or magnesium ions settle out

149
Q

Type of wastewater treatment that employs physical and chemical treatment methods to remove or reduce a high percentage of suspended solids and toxic materials.

A

Primary Treatment

150
Q

Process whereby coarse matter (suspended or floating) of a certain size can be strained out of flowing water with the aide of bars, fine wires or rocks.

A

screening

151
Q

Removal of all settleable particles rendered settleable under the influence of gravity, basically the theory of gravity under the influence of which all particles heavier than water tend to settle down.

A

sedimentation

152
Q

To disperse quickly the chemicals in water

A

Mixing

153
Q

Used to change the surface charge on the particles so they can accumulate and settle better by gravity

A

Coagulation

154
Q

Alum, a coagulant of water, is ____

A

aluminum sulfate

155
Q

Precipitates are brought together in contact via mixing

A

Flocculation

156
Q

Separation from water by gravitational settling particles heavier than water

A

Sedimentation

157
Q

Oil and grease present in an emulsified state in wastewater discharged from industries can be removed by

A

settling out using chemical reagents.

158
Q

Unit operation used to separate liquid from solids that settle slowly

A

Flotation

159
Q

It is simply fixed-medium biological reactor with the wastewater being spread over the surface of a solid medium where the microbes.

A

Trickling Filters

160
Q

Involved production of activated mass of microbes capable of stabilizing waste aerobically

A

Activated Sludge

161
Q

Process in which wastewater is subjected to air

A

Activated sludge process

162
Q

Large earthen basins in which wastewater is treated by natural processes involving bacteria

A

Oxidation ponds

163
Q

Oxidation Ponds:
Shallow ponds where dissolved oxygen is maintained throughout the depth

A

Aerobic ponds

164
Q

Oxidation Ponds:
Ponds oxygenated by surface or by diffused air operation

A

Aerated ponds

165
Q

Oxidation Ponds:
Has 3 zones:
-upper: aerobic
-middle: facultative
-lower: anaerobic

A

Facultative ponds

166
Q

Oxidation Ponds:
Deep ponds the receive high organic loadings to deplete all dissolved oxygen

A

Anaerobic ponds

167
Q

Oxidation Ponds:
Used for polishing effluents from biological processes

A

Maturation ponds

168
Q

Shallow ponds for storm and wastewater treatment that create growing conditions suitable for wetland plants

A

Natural/ Constructed Wetlands

169
Q

In facultative stabilization pond, the sewage is treated by _____

A

Dual action of aerobic bacteria and anaerobic bacteria

170
Q

Wastewater treatment that uses small plastic media to support the growth of biofilm in the reactor

A

Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR)

171
Q

Series of closely spaced discs mounted on a horizontal shaft and rotated while half of their surface area is immersed in wastewater.

A

Rotating Biological Contactors (RBC)

172
Q

The sludge from wastewater treatment when subjected to anaerobic digestion produces a gas which can be used as fuel. This important gas is ____

A

methane

173
Q

Polluted water having low BOD are most economically treated in ____

A

oxidation ponds

174
Q

Presence of volatile compounds like gasoline, oil, alcohol, ether etc. in municipal sewers may cause ____

A

explosion

175
Q

Presence of soluble organics in polluted water causes _____

A

depletion of oxygen.

176
Q

Atmosphere layer where all weather phenomena occurs

A

Troposphere

177
Q

Atmospheric pollution caused by the exhaust gas of supersonic transport air-crafts is
mostly in the atmospheric region called _____

A

Stratosphere

178
Q

Most of the atmospheric air pollutants are present in large quantity in

A

Troposphere

179
Q

Wind tends to be strongest at the ____

A

Tropopause

180
Q

Atmosphere layer where the coldest part of the atmosphere is located.

A

Mesosphere

181
Q

Atmosphere layer where meteors burn due to friction with gas molecules

A

Mesosphere

182
Q

Atmosphere layer where air is thin and sensitive to solar activity & can heat up to 1500degC

A

Thermosphere

183
Q

Atmosphere layer where space stations or space shuttle reside

A

Thermosphere

184
Q

Upper layer of atmosphere where atoms & molecules escape into space

A

Exosphere

185
Q

Total Suspended Particles

A

All atmostpeheric particles < 100 um

186
Q

Size of PM 10 & PM 2.5

A

< 10 um, < 2.5 um

187
Q

Which of the following pollutants, if present
in atmosphere is detectable by its odor?
A. CO
B. SO2
C. NO2
D. CO2

A

B. SO2

188
Q

Smog is not formed due to the presence of __________ in the atmosphere.
A. SO2
B. NOx
C. CO2
D. any of these

A

CO2

189
Q

Major components of photochemical smog

A

NOx and hydrocarbon

190
Q

Pollutant responsible for the reddish-brown color of smog

A

NO2

191
Q

These reddish brown oxides in concentrated form may produce an abnormal accumulation of fluids in the lungs.

A

NOx

192
Q

Odorless and colorless gas that is lethal to humans with short exposure to concentrations exceeding 5000 ppm.

A

carbon monoxide

193
Q

Reacts with hemoglobin in the blood rendering the latter incapable of carrying oxygen to the body.

A

carbon monoxide

194
Q

Estimated variations in earth’s mean surface temperature over the past 135 years correlate closely with…

A

carbon dioxide

195
Q

Which of the acid combination is the dominant composition of acid rain?

A

nitric acid and sulfuric acid

196
Q

Describe ozone

A

Secondary pollutant
Bleaching agent
Oxidizing Agent
Disinfectant

197
Q

It is very unstable gas used for disinfection, a very powerful oxidant capable of oxidizing 200 to 300 times more than chlorine and can reduce complex taste, odor and color.

A

Ozone

198
Q

Colorless and odorless gas that can be found in the upper layers of the atmosphere and severs as our protection from the Sun’s harmful rays

A

ozone

199
Q

Catalyst for the decomposition of ozone

A

Cl2 (chlorine atoms)

200
Q

Component of CFCs that causes destruction of 100,000 molecules of ozone.

A

chlorine

201
Q

Meaning of BTEX

A

Benzene
Toluene
Ethylbenzene
Xylene

202
Q

Which of the following is NOT classified as heavy industry in the list of environmentally critical projects?
A. Iron and steel industry
B. Non-ferrous metal industry
C. Smelting plants
D. Forestry projects

A

Forestry projects

203
Q

Which biogeochemical cycle has bacteria living in a symbiotic relationship with the roots of legumes?

A

Nitrogen cycle

204
Q

Describe Nitrogen cycle

A

Ammonification: ammonifying bacteria / decomposers N2 to NH4

Nitrification:
a) Nitrosomas - NH4 to NO2
b) Nitrobacter - NO2 to NO3

Denitrification: NO3 to N2

Nitrogen Fixation: Nitrogen fixing bacteria N2 to NH3

205
Q

By which process is carbon dioxide released from plants back to the atmosphere?

A

Respiration

206
Q

Process where decomposers return back the nitrogen to the soils through the remains and waste of plants and animals.

A

ammonification

207
Q

Process of converting nitrogen gas to ammonia is called _____

A

nitrogen fixation

208
Q

Which of the following natural phenomena plays a part in the
nitrogen cycle?
a. evaporation
b. lightning
c. snow
d. rain

A

lightning

209
Q

Generic term used to describe the particulate matter carried in the effluent gases from furnaces burning fossil fuels.

A

fly ash

210
Q

Change in air temperature with height

A

Lapse Rate

211
Q

Tendency of atmosphere to resist or enhance vertical motion

A

Stability

212
Q

Thermal structure that neither enhances nor resists mechanical turbulence

A

Neutral Atmosphere
or Adiabatic

213
Q

Lapse rate for Neutral Atmosphere

A

1 deg C/ 100m

214
Q

Thermal structure that enhances mechanical turbulence

A

Unstable Atmosphere
or Superadiabatic

215
Q

Thermal structure that inhibits mechanical displacement.

A

Stable Atmosphere
or Subadiabatic

216
Q

Determine whether the atmosphere is unstable, neutral or stable temperature profiles (Z in m vs T in degC), is unstable, neutral or stable.
(a) 2, -3.05 and 318, -6.21;
(b) 10, 6 and 202, 3.09;
(c) 18, 14.03 and 286, 16.71.

A

neutral, unstable, stable

217
Q

A phenomenon where a cold layer of air becomes trapped by a layer of warmer air above due to a lack of wind circulation of the presence of certain topographical features, such as mountains, resulting to air pollution being trapped in the lower, cooler layers of the troposphere.

A

thermal inversion

218
Q

It is described as the cloud of air pollution trapped by thermal inversion.

A

smog

219
Q

Air Pollution Control Equipment based on size of particulates

A

Settling Chamber: > 50 microns
Cyclone collector: 20-50 microns
Scrubber: 5-20 microns
Filter: 1-10 microns (cloth), 0.1 microns (acetate membrane)
Electrostatic precipitators: > 1 microns

220
Q

Particle size handled by:
Settling Chamber

A

Settling Chamber: > 50 microns

221
Q

Particle size handled by:
Cyclone collector

A

Cyclone collector: 20-45 microns

222
Q

Particle size handled by:
Scrubber

A

Scrubber: 5-20 microns

223
Q

Particle size handled by:
Filter

A

Filter: 1-10 microns (cloth), 0.1 microns (acetate membrane)

224
Q

Particle size handled by:
Electrostatic precipitators

A

Electrostatic precipitators: < 1 microns

225
Q

These are compartments that use gravitational force to extract dust and mist and typically used only for larger particles.

A

Settling chamber

226
Q

Uses static electricity in precipitators to pull out unburnt carbon from smoke

A

Electrostatic Precipitator

227
Q

Unburned particles of carbon in smoke is pulled out by this device, leaving clean hat to escape the smokestacks

A

Electrostatic Precipitators

228
Q

If your are a chemical engineer and in the cement industry, how will you collect the dust?

A

Use Electrostatic Precipitator

229
Q

A gas chamber containing a vortex, the gas moving up and the larger particles dropping down

A

Cyclone Separators

230
Q

Entrains particulate and gaseous pollutants in liquid droplets.

A

Wet / Liquid Scrubber

231
Q

Used for wet, corrosive or very hot particulate matter

A

Liquid Scrubber

232
Q

Removes harmful materials from industrial exhaust

A

Scrubber

233
Q

Converts volatile organic carbon (VOC) to CO2 & H2O through combustion

A

Incineration

234
Q

Process of capturing CO2 and storing it below the ground, pumping it into geologic layers

A

Carbon Capture and Storage

235
Q

Equipment where gas stream is passed through a porous membrane.

A

Bag House and Filters

236
Q

Gases, vapors, or liquids are concentrated on a surface of a solid as a result of surface or chemical force.

A

Adsorption

237
Q

Which of the following dust collection equipments is the least efficient (for sub-micronic particles) ?
a. Dust catcher (gravity type)
b. Cyclone separator
c. Bag filter
d. Hollow wet scrubber

A

Dust catcher (gravity type)

238
Q

Most efficient and suitable dust removal equipment for removal of fly ash from flue gas in a thermal power plant.

A

electrostatic precipitator

239
Q

Particulates (< 1μm size) remaining suspended in air indefinitely and transported by wind currents are called

A

aerosols

240
Q

Presence of excess flourine in water causes

A

fluorosis

241
Q

Siderosis is a disease caused by the inhalation of __________ dust.

A

iron

242
Q

Fluorosis (a bone disease) is caused by the presence of high concentration of __________ in atmospheric air.

A

hydrogen fluoride, HF

243
Q

Turbidity of water is an indication of the presence of ____

A

suspended inorganic matter

244
Q

Radioactive solid nuclear wastes are disposed off by

A

underground burial in concrete containers

245
Q

Environmental Management System adopts an important continuous improvement approach in the following order,

A

PDAC
Plan-Do-Act-Check

246
Q

Sulfur Dioxide is a dangerous air pollutant and harms plant life. What changes in the plant indicate its toxic effect?

A

bleaching of the leaves

247
Q

The greatest amount of food per acre is produced in the ____

A

Marine biome

248
Q

An assembly of mutually interacting organisms and their environment in which materials are interchanged in a largely cyclical manner

A

Ecosystem

249
Q

Biological process in which high-energy molecules are broken down in the presence of oxygen and water into carbon dioxide and water, with the release of energy

A

Photosynthesis

250
Q

Amount of chemical oxidant required to completely
oxidize a source of organic matter

A

Chemical Oxygen Demand

251
Q

Amount of oxygen utilized by microorganisms in oxidizing carbonaceous and/or nitrogenous organic matter, assuming that all of the organic matter is subject to microbial breakdown

A

Theoretical Oxygen Demand

252
Q

Polluted water having a low BOD are most economically treated in ____

A

Oxidation ponds

253
Q

Plastic Classifications:
Enumerate the plastics

A

si Pete na-High sa Chlorine, na-Low sa ka-PPSP ng Iba
1) Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET or PETE)
2) High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
3) Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC or Vinyl)
4) Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE)
5) Polypropylene (PP)
6) Polystyrene (PS or Styrofoam)
7) Other.

254
Q

It is the most common thermoplastic polymer resin of the polyester family.

A

PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate)

255
Q

It is the most commonly recycled plastic and is considered one of the safest forms of plastic.

A

HDPE (High Density Polyethylene)

256
Q

It is dubbed the “poison plastic” because it contains numerous toxins which it can leach throughout its entire life cycle.

A

PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride)

257
Q

Determine the Plastic:
soft drink bottles

A

PETE (Polyethylene Terephthalate)

258
Q

Determine the Plastic:
milk jugs
shampoo bottles
laundry detergent bottles

A

HDPE (High Density Polyethylene)

259
Q

Determine the Plastic:
food packaging
wire insulation
piping

A

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

260
Q

Determine the Plastic:
food wrapping
trash bags
grocery bags
baby diapers

A

LDPE (Low Density Polyethylene)

261
Q

Determine the Plastic:
automobile battery casings
bottle caps

A

PP (Polypropylene)

262
Q

Determine the Plastic:
food packaging
foam cups
plates
eating utensils

A

PS (Polystyrene)

263
Q

Determine the Plastic:
fence posts
benches
pallets

A

Mixed Plastics

264
Q

Dictate the Layers of Atmosphere

A

This Snake Must Think: I’m Evil
*Troposphere
*Stratosphere
*Mesosphere
*Thermosphere
*Ionosphere
*Exosphere

265
Q

Rank the Solid Waste Management Options

A
  1. Reduce
  2. Reuse
  3. Recycling
  4. Recovery
  5. Disposal
    Sometimes Prevention is #1
266
Q

In the process of ozone depletion, the Chlorine gets recycle thus rendering its long lifetime in the atmosphere. The basic unit of measure of ozone layer thickness is named after:
(A) Henri Buisson
(B) Charles Fabry
(C) Sydney Chapman
(D) GM Dobson

A

(D) GM Dobson

267
Q

Inhalation of lead compounds present in automobile exhaust (using leaded petrol) causes

A. Blood poisoning
B. Anaemia
C. Nervous system disorder
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

268
Q

Which of the following plastics may not be safe for food packaging
(A) Polystyrene
(B) Polyethylene terephthalate
(C) High density polyethylene
(D) None of these

A

(D) None of these

269
Q

Presence of nitrogen in high concentration in contaminated air reduces partial pressure of oxygen in lungs, thereby causing asphyxia (suffocation) leading to death from oxygen deficiency. Concentration of N2 in contaminated air at which it acts as a natural asphyxant is ≥ __________ percent.

A

84%

270
Q

Soluble silica present in boiler feed water can be removed by ____
A. Coagulation

B. Filtration

C. Anion exchanger

D. Preheating it

A

C. Anion exchanger

271
Q

The main pollutant in wastewater discharged from a petroleum refinery oil (both in free and emulsified form). Free oil is removed by
(A) Trickling filters
(B) Aerated lagoons
(C) Biological oxygen pond
(D) Gravity separator having oil skimming devices

A

(D) Gravity separator having oil skimming devices

272
Q

Automobile exhaust is passed through two compartment catalytic converter employing platinum as catalyst for

(A) Conversion of CO into CO2 in the second compartment

(B) Conversion of NOx
into N2 and NH3 in the first compartment

(C) Oxidation of unburnt hydrocarbon fuel in the second compartment

(D) All (a), (b) and (c)

A

(D) All (a), (b) and (c)

273
Q

Iron & manganese present as pollutant in water can not be removed by
A. Ion exchange process

B. Oxidation followed by settling & filtration

C. Lime soda process or manganese zeolite process

D. Chlorination

A

D. Chlorination

274
Q

Operating principle of cyclone separator is based on the action of ___________ dust particles,
(A) Diffusion of
(B) Centrifugal force on
(C) Gravitational force on
(D) Electrostatic force on

A

(B) Centrifugal force on

275
Q

It is called fog when its concentration is high enough to obscure visibility.
(A) Mist
(B) Fume
(C) Smoke
(D) Spray

A

(A) Mist

276
Q

Mist is also called ____ when its concentration is high enough to obscure visibility.

A

fog

277
Q

Which of the following is NOT used as a coagulant aid?
(A) Activated silica
(B) Clay
(C) Polymer
(D) Ferric chloride

A

(A) Activated silica

ChE LE Flashcards (20 decks)

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