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ChE LE Flashcards > Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biochemical Engineering > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biochemical Engineering Flashcards

1
Q

Who coined the word enzyme first?

A

Wilhelm Kühne

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2
Q

Substituent effects:
Enumerate Ortho- and Para- Activating Substituents

A

-Hydroxy
-Alkyl
-Amino
-Alkoxy
-Halogen (-OR)
-Acetamido (-NHCOCH3)

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3
Q

Substituent effects:
Enumerate Meta- Activating Substituents

A

-Sulfonic Acid
-Carbonyl
-Cyano
-Carboxyl
-Nitro

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4
Q

Zaitev’s Rule
(Definition and when to apply)

A

“the rich getting richer, the poor getting poorer”
The carbon with the fewest hydrogens loses the hydrogen.

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5
Q

Catalyzed the Biochemical Engineering Field

A

Penicillin

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6
Q

Most abundant organic compounds in the plant world.

A

Carbohydrates

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7
Q

These biomolecules are polyhydroxy aldehydes, polyhydroxy ketones, or compounds that can be hydrolyzed to them.

A

Carbohydrates

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8
Q

What are used in animals as a source of quick energy that can be stored in the liver and muscles？

A

Carbohydrates

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9
Q

Sugars, starches, and cellulose belong to which major class of biological molecules?

A

carbohydrates

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10
Q

(CH2O)n is the molecular formula for which type of macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates

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11
Q

Plants like sugar cane and sugar beets store the energy as simple sugars. Other plants, like corn and potatoes, store the energy as more complex sugars called?

A

starches

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12
Q

Monosaccharides chemical formula

A

Cn(H2O)n

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13
Q

Monosaccharides:
Differentiate Aldoses and Ketoses

A

Aldoses: contains aldehyde group. Carbonyl (C=O) at C1 (at one end)
Ketoses: contains ketone group. Carbonyl (C=O) at other carbon atom

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14
Q

Enumerate Monosaccharides

A

ALL ALTruists GLadly MAke GUm In GALlon TAnks
-Allose
-Altrase
-Glucose
-Mannose
-Gulose
-Idose
-Galactose
-Talose

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15
Q

Explain D-L stereochemistry of Carbohydrates

A

*Emil Fischer
Dextrorotatory – highest numbered chiral carbon on right side
Levorotatory - highest numbered chiral carbon on left side

Can also be based on penultimate carbon (2nd to last)

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16
Q

What are chiral carbons?

A

Carbon connected to four different functional groups

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17
Q

Describe anomers, alpha and beta anomers

A

Anomeric carbon - Carbon in ring attached to hydroxyl group (-OH)
Alpha anomer = trans configuration
Beta anomer = cis config, more contributing

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18
Q

Bonds between monosaccharaide units

A

Glycosidic bond

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19
Q

Which of the following is NOT a polysaccharide?
A. Glycogen
B. Starch
C. Sucrose
D. Cellulose

A

Sucrose

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20
Q

Oligosaccharides vs Polysaccharides

A

Oligosaccharides: 6 to 10 monosaccharide units
Polysaccharides: >10 monosaccharide units

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21
Q

Found in cell walls of nearly all plants where it gives support and rigidity to plant stems.

ADDITIONAL: What is its composition?

A

Cellulose
20% amylose, 80% amylopectin

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22
Q

Main carbohydrate found in the seeds and roots of plants.

A

Starch

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23
Q

Enumerate Disaccharides (and combinations)

A

1) Sucrose
- Glucose + Fructose
- a-1,2-glycosidic bond
- From sugar cane and photosynthetic plants
- Only non-reducing sugar (negative Fehling’s)

2) Maltose
- Glucose + Glucose
- from hydrolysis of starch
- a-1,4-glycosidic bond.

3) Lactose
- Glucose + Galactose
- b-1,4-glycosidic bond

4) Cellobiose
- from partial hydrolysis of cellulose
- Beta-Glycosidic Linkage

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24
Q

Differentiate bonds in Disaccharides:
Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose
Cellobiose

A

Sucrose: a(1–>2)
Lactose: B(1–>4)
Maltose: a(1–>4)
Cellobiose: B(1–>4)

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25
Q

Describe Sucrose

A

1) Sucrose
- Glucose + Fructose
- From sugar cane and photosynthetic plants
- Only non-reducing sugar (negative Fehling’s)

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26
Q

Describe Maltose

A

2) Maltose
- Glucose + Glucose
- from hydrolysis of starch
- Alpha-Glycosidic Linkage

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27
Q

Describe Lactose

A

3) Lactose
- Glucose + Galactose
- Beta-Glycosidic Linkage

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28
Q

Describe Cellobiose

A

4) Cellobiose
- from partial hydrolysis of cellulose
- Beta-Glycosidic Linkage

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29
Q

Most abundant disaccharide in the biological world.

A

Sucrose

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30
Q

Describe the following Polysaccharides:
Starch
Amylose
Amylopectin
Glycogen
Celulose

A

*Starch - energy storage for plants. Can be separated into two fractions: amylose and amylopectin
* Amylose - 1,4-ALPHA-glycosidic bonds
* Amylopectin - branching with 1,4-ALPHA-glycosidic bonds & 1,6-ALPHA-glycosidic bonds
* Glycogen - energy storage for animals. similar structure to amylopectin but more extensive branching
* Celulose -1,4-BETA-glycosidic bonds

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31
Q

Animals stored energy in glycogen, while plants in starch. What is the difference of their structure?

A

Starch - sugar molecules linked in same interval
Glycogen - branching chains

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32
Q

Proponent of ABO blood group system

A

Karl Landsteiner

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33
Q

Invert sugar consists of ___ and ___

A

fructose and glucose

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34
Q

Describe Chemical Characterization of Sugars
Fehling’s Test
Tollen’s Test
Benedict’s Test
Iodine Test

A

IDENTIFY REDUCING SUGARS
Fehling’s Test: form red ppt
Tollen’s Test: form silver mirror
Benedict’s Test: form brick red ppt

OTHERS
Iodine Test: identify presence of starch. Form blue solution
Molisch’s Test: identify presence of carbohydrates

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35
Q

AMINO ACIDS:
Enumerate amino acids with Non-Polar Side Chains

A

GAV LIM PTP
* Glycine
* Alanine
* Valine
* Leucine
* IsoLeucinE (ILE)
* Methionine
* (F) Phenylalanine
* (W) Tryptophan
* Proline

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36
Q

AMINO ACIDS:
Enumerate amino acids with Polar Side Chains

A

STC TAG
* Serine
* Threonine
* Cysteine
* tYrosine
* asparagiNe
* (Q) glutamine

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37
Q

AMINO ACIDS:
Enumerate amino acids with Electrically Charged Side Chains

A

AG HAL
Acidic:
* (D) Aspartate
* (E) Glutamate

Basic:
* (K) Lysine
* (R) aRginine
* Histidine

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38
Q

Solution used to differentiate between water-soluble carbohydrate and ketone functional groups, and as a test for reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars

A

Fehling solution

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39
Q

Which macromolecule does not dissolve in water?

A

lipids

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40
Q

What are the monomers of lipids?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

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41
Q

Lipids are used by the body to perform all of the following functions EXCEPT:
A. membrane structural material.
B. enzyme action.
C. insulation.
D. a rich energy source.

A

enzyme action

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42
Q

________ are the most abundant lipid present in an organism.

A

Fats / Triacylglycerols

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43
Q

Fats as compared to oils have _____

A

less unsaturated glycerides of fatty acid

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44
Q

Fats that have fatty acids with only single covalent bonds in their carbon skeletons are ____

A

saturated

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45
Q

Differentiate Hydrolysable and Non-Hydrolysable Lipids

A

Hydrolysable Lipids: CAN be cleaved into smaller units
Non-Hydrolysable Lipids: CANNOT be cleaved into smaller units

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46
Q

Describe Waxes

A
  • C16 - C36
  • Hydrolysable
  • Simplest Hydrolysable Lipid
  • ester
  • hydrophobic
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47
Q

Describe Triacylglycerol

A
  • Hydrolysable
  • Most abundant lipid
  • energy storage
  • Triesters that produces glycerol and fatty acid
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48
Q

Describe Sphingomyelins

A
  • Hydrolysable
  • Component of lipid bilayer
    -Found as insulation in nerve cells (myelin sheathes)
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49
Q

Describe Phosphoacylglycerols

A
  • Hydrolysable
  • ## 2nd most abundant lipid
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50
Q

Fats are esters derived from fatty acids stored via esterification with glycerol. Due to this reaction, fats are also referred to as:

A

Glycerides

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51
Q

Glycerides is also known as ___

A

Triacylglycerols
Triacylglycerides

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52
Q

Unsaturation of the acid chains of a fat results in a/an ________ in their melting point.

A

Decrease

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53
Q

Defined by their physical properties, NOT by particular functional groups

A

Lipids

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54
Q

Where in the body does fatty acid synthesis occur?

A

Cytoplasm and Endoplasmic reticulum

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55
Q

Where in the body does protein synthesis occur?

A

Ribosome

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56
Q

Lipids that mainly contain ester units. Can be hydrolyzed

A

Hydrolysable Lipids

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57
Q

Simplest hydrolysable lipids. Formed from alcohol and fatty acid. Hydrophobic.

A

Waxes

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58
Q

Differentiate Animal fats and Vegetable oils

A

Animal fats: composed of saturated fatty acids, thus higher melt pt and solid at room temp.
Vegetable oils: composed of unsaturated fatty acids, this lower melt pt. and liquid at room temp.

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59
Q

Hydrolysis of triglyceride to produce glycerol + soap

A

Saponification

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60
Q

Salt of a long chain carboxylic acid.

A

Soap

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61
Q

Soaps are _____ produced from the saponification (base hydrolysis) of animal fats (glycerides)

A

sodium & potassium salts of fatty acid

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62
Q

Common bases for saponification

A

NaOH or KOH

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63
Q

These are spherical clusters of hundreds of soap molecules:

A

Micelles

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64
Q

_____ involves the industrial hydrogenation of unsaturated fats (oils) in the presence of nickel catalyst at 175-190 degC and 20-40 psi.

A

Saturation / Hydrogenation

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65
Q

____ of fat is due to the presence of volatile, bad smelling acids and aldehydes.

A

Rancidity

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66
Q

Hydrolysis of triglycerides under basic conditions, producing glycerol and soaps

A

Saponification

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67
Q

Process that turns vegetable oil to margarine

A

Hardening

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68
Q

Important fats for the body that can be found in eggyolks and soybeans

A

Lecithin

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69
Q

Lipids important biological regulators that show dramatic physiological effects when administered to living organisms.

A

Steroids

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70
Q

Enumerate Non-Hydrolysable Lipid

A

FETS
Fat Soluble Vitamins
Eicosanoids
Terpenes
Steroids

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71
Q

An organic compound required by organisms in minute quantities for growth and reproduction because it cannot be synthesized by the organism; it often serve as enzyme cofactors or parts of cofactors.

A

vitamin

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72
Q

Explain Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K

A

Non-Hydrolysable Lipid
Vitamins that must be obtained from food, but do not have to be ingested every day.

Vitamin A - Retinol
Vitamin D - Calciferol
Vitamin E - a-Tocopherol
Vitamin K - Phylloquinone

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73
Q

Describe Terpenes
(Hydrolysable? Function? Composition?)

A

Non-Hydrolysable Lipid
Lipids found in the essential oils of many plants.
Consists of repeating units of isoprene

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74
Q

Describe Eicosanoids
(Hydrolysable? Function? Composition?)

A

-Non-Hydrolysable Lipid
- Biologically active
-containing 20+ C’s derived from ARACHIDONIC (C20) acid.

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75
Q

Enumerate Saturated Fatty Acids by increasing MW, melting point, boiling point

A

Laura Makes Pancakes on Saturday Afternoon
Lauric C12 < Myristic C14 < Palmitic C16 < Stearic C18 < Arachidic Acid C20

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76
Q

Describe Steroids
(Hydrolysable? Function? Composition?)

A
  • Non-Hydrolysable Lipid
  • Biologically active
  • Consists of 3 six-membered rings and 1 five-membered ring joined together
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77
Q

Describe Cholesterol
(Hydrolysable? Function? Composition?)

A
  • Most abundant and most important steroid
  • Plasma membrane of animal cells
  • Starting material for synthesis of other steroids
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78
Q

Sex hormones are derived from ___
Androgens are for ___
Estrogens for ___

A

Cholesterol
Males
Females

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79
Q

The main fate of amino acids is the synthesis of ____

A

Protein

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80
Q

Biomolecule made of long chains of amino acid residues.

A

Proteins

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81
Q

These biomolecules are polyamides whose monomers from which they are derived are α-amino carboxylic acids known as amino acids.

A

Proteins

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82
Q

What are described as the “building blocks of Protein”?

A

Amino Acids

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83
Q

Proteins are ____ made of amino acid _____.

A

polymers; monomers

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84
Q

Differentiate proteins and peptides

A

proteins: > 50 amino acids
peptides: < 50 amino acids

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85
Q

____ is a disorder which results from the replacement of one glutamic acid side chain in the hemoglobin molecule by a valine unit.

A

Sickle-cell anemia

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86
Q

PROTEIN:
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary Structure of Protein

A

Primary: Amino acid sequence

Secondary: Alpha helix coil or beta sheet

Tertiary: fold of proteins
- #d shaped adopted by the entire peptide chain

Quaternary: polypeptide chains

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87
Q

The local spatial arrangement of a polypeptide’s backbone atoms without regard to the conformation of its side chains can be called as ___

A

Secondary structure

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88
Q

The primary stabilizing force of protein secondary structure is:

A

Hydrogen bonds

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89
Q

In this type of structure, most of carbonyl groups of peptide bonds forms a hydrogen bond with the amide nitrogen of another peptide bond four amino acids further down the polypeptide chain:

A

Alpha-helix

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90
Q

The alpha helix found in myoglobin can best be described as

A

Secondary structure

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91
Q

The action of disrupting the threedimensional shape of a protein is termed ___

A

denaturation

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92
Q

Enumerate the Essential Amino Acids

A

PriVaTe TIM HALL (PVT TIM HALL)

Phenylalanine
Valine
Tryptophan

Threonine
Isoleucine
Methionine

Histidine
Arginine (not essential for adults)
Leucine
Lysine

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93
Q

Found in hair, nails and skin

A

Keratin

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94
Q

Most abundant protein in invertebrates. Also found in bones teeth and blood vessels

A

Collagen

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95
Q

Where collagen can be found?

A

found in bones teeth and blood vessels

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96
Q

Protein responsible for transporting oxygen

A

Hemoglobin

97
Q

Protein chains that are easily soluble in water, found in enzymes, spherical conformation

A

Globular

98
Q

Protein chains that are found as parallel polypeptide chains in long sheets, water insoluble, tough, stretchy

A

Fibrous

99
Q

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic
of a globular protein?
* A) Polypeptide chain in extended, long sheets
* B) Polypeptide chains are folded in a spherical shape.
* C) Contains several types of secondary structure
* D) Typical for regulatory proteins

A

Polypeptide chain in extended, long sheets

100
Q

Bonds formed by joining amino groups

A

Peptide bond

101
Q

Cell Energy Generation:
Enumerate the products of
Cellular Respiration
Electron Transport Chain
Glycolysis
Citric Acid Cycle
Fermentation (net product)

A

Cellular Respiration: 36 or 38 ATP

Electron Transport Chain: 32-34 ATP per glucose

Glycolysis: 2 ATP + 2 pyruvates

Citric Acid Cycle: 2 ATP (due to 2 citric acid processed)

Fermentation (net product): 2 ATP per glucose

102
Q

Cell Energy Generation:
Cellular Respiration

A

Cellular Respiration: 36 or 38 ATP

103
Q

Cell Energy Generation:
Electron Transport Chain

A

Electron Transport Chain: 32-34 ATP per glucose

104
Q

Cell Energy Generation:
Glycolysis

A

Glycolysis: 2 ATP + 2 pyruvates

105
Q

Cell Energy Generation:
Citric Acid Cycle

A

Citric Acid Cycle: 2 ATP (due to 2 citric acid processed)

106
Q

Cell Energy Generation:
Fermentation

A

Fermentation (net product): 2 ATP per glucose

107
Q

Summary:
Glycolysis (Involved Ratio)

A

Glucose:Pyruvate:ATP:AcetylCoA
= 1 : 2 : 2 : 2

108
Q

Summary:
Energy Yielding Phase

A
  • irreversible phase:
    phosphoenolpyrovate to pyruvate (pyruvate kinase)
  • produce 4 ATP
109
Q

The cycle that oxidizes acetyl coenzyme A to CO2 and generates NADH and FADH2 for oxidation in the electron transport chain; the cycle also supplies carbon skeletons for biosynthesis.

A

Tricarboxylic acid cycle

110
Q

Use of microorganisms to convert monosaccharides to alcohols

A

Fermentation

111
Q

Fermentation product of pyruvate in animals

A

Lactate

112
Q

Efficiency of cellular respiration

A

39% (263 kcal/686 kcal)

113
Q

The nucleic acid that constitutes the genetic material of all cellular organisms.

A

DNA

114
Q

What is/are the difference(s) between RNA and DNA?

A

a) DNA contains thymine and RNA contains uracil
b) RNA is found in the cytoplasm, whereas DNA is found in the cell nucleus

115
Q

The only base in the following that is not present in DNA is ____
(a) pyridine
(b) adenine
(c) guanine
(d) cytosine

A

pyridine

116
Q

Describe Chargaff’s Rule

A

Dictates # guanine in DNA:
A = T, C = G
(ATeng CiGa)

117
Q

DNA:
Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Structure of DNA

A

Primary: nucleotide sequence

Secondary: double helix

Tertiary: supercoils

118
Q

Explain the Central Dogma of Genetics

A

[DNA] -transcription-
[mRNA] -translation-
[protein]

119
Q

Base sugar of RNA

A

Ribose

120
Q

The organelle where protein synthesis occurs; the message encoded in mRNA is translated here.

A

ribosome

121
Q

Segment of DNA molecule carrying the sequence of bases that directs the synthesis of particular protein or RNA.

A

genes

122
Q

yielding two identical DNA molecules to the original one

A

replication

123
Q

process of encoding and transferring genetic code from the DNA to mRNA

A

transcription

124
Q

The process in which single-stranded RNA with a base sequence complementary to the template strand of DNA or RNA is synthesized.

A

transcription

125
Q

process of converting genetic code into protein

A

translation

126
Q

Contains the codon

A

mRNA (Messenger RNA)

127
Q

Contains the anti-codon

A

tRNA (Transfer RNA)

128
Q

Combines with proteins to form ribosomes, the site of protein synthesis.

A

rRNA (Ribosomal RNA)

129
Q

A sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that directs the incorporation of an amino acid during protein synthesis or signals the start or stop of translation.

A

codon

130
Q

assembly of DNA coiled around protein cores called histones

A

nucleosomes

131
Q

Positive result in Schiff’s test means the presence of ____

A

Aldehydes

132
Q

In a Michaelis-Menten enzyme mechanism, what substrate concentrations (relative to Km) are needed for the reaction rate to be 0.5 times Vmax?

A

1.0 Km

133
Q

Enzymes related to DNA:
Define the functions of the following
helicase
Topoisomerase
DNA polymerase
DNA ligase

A

Helicase: protein that unwinds the double helix DNA

Topoisomerase: enzyme that unwinds DNA

DNA polymerase: enzyme that replicates DNA to produce a new strand

DNA ligase: enzyme that forms the phosphodiester bond between DNA pieces.

134
Q

A soap molecule has ____ and ___

A

has a non polar end and a polar end

135
Q

A polymer composite used as food containers for ovenable dishes

A

BMC polyester

136
Q

Polymers which are capable of forming an ordered solution

A

Lyotropic

137
Q

Polymers which are capable of forming an ordered melt.

A

thermotropic

138
Q

Which of the following is known as Freon

A

CCl2F2

139
Q

Which of the following is chloroform?

A

CHCl3

140
Q

In chemical usage, plastics ____ when heated and can be ___ under pressure

A

softens when heated and can be molded under pressure

141
Q

In chemical reactions involving alkenes, halogen atoms can replace hydrogen atoms. There reactions are called

A

dehydrogenation

142
Q

Vodka that is 90 proof contains ____

A

45% alcohol

143
Q

Saponification is a reaction in which a triacylglycerol (or triglyceride) reactions with a strong base to form ___ and ___

A

glycerol and three soap molecules

144
Q

Nylons are

A

polyamides

145
Q

Dacron is a ___ while Nylons are ___

A

polyester, polyamide

146
Q

Plastic bags are usually made from ___

A

Ethylene (C2H4)
CH2=CH2

147
Q

Inventor of PF plastics (bakelite)

A

Leo Baekland

148
Q

Oil of wintergreen

A

methyl salycylate

149
Q

Dacron is a ___

A

polyester

150
Q

Produce of the reaction between alcohol and carboxylic acid is known as ___

A

ester

151
Q

These compounds are formed by the reaction of acids with alcohol.

A

Ester

152
Q

Benzene undergoes substitution reactions rather than addition reactions because its ring structure is __-

A

very stable

153
Q

Natural rubber is also known as

A

polyisoprene

154
Q

Father of organic chemistry

A

Friedrich Wohler

155
Q

When an alcohol is dehydrated is forms

A

an alkene

156
Q

Formula of acrylonitrite

A

C3H3N

157
Q

The Lucas test is used to determine the types of

A

alcohol

158
Q

If an aldehyde is placed in Benedict’s solution, it reacts to form

A

cuprous oxide and an acid

159
Q

An aldehyde used as preservative and a germicide is

A

acetaldehyde

160
Q

What acid is found in an ant bite?

A

formic acid

161
Q

A carboxylic acid which contributes to the strong odor of rancid butter and other fats

A

butyric acid

162
Q

A number used to predict the geometry of a molecule.

A

steric number

163
Q

An energy-yielding process in which an electron donor is oxidized using an
inorganic electron acceptor. The acceptor may be either oxygen or another inorganic acceptor.

A

respiration

164
Q

The most abundant organic substance found in nature is ____

A

cellulose

165
Q

Classification based on Temperature:
Enumerate the temperature ranges

A

Psychrophile: 10 - 15 degC
Psychrotroph: 15 - 30 degC
Mesophile: 30 - 45 degC
Thermophile: 50 - 85 degC

166
Q

Microorganism that grows well at 0°C with optimum growth temperature of 15°C or lower and a maximum temperature around 20°C.

A

psychrophiles

167
Q

Bacteria which can grow at an optimum temperature range of 55⁰ to 85⁰C

A

thermophiles

168
Q

Bacteria which grow over the temperature range 7⁰ - 45⁰C

A

mesophiles

169
Q

Amount of carboxylic acid groups in a chemical compound

A

Acidic Number

170
Q

Measure of degree of unsaturated of fatty acid

A

Iodine Number

171
Q

Amount of KOH to saponify 1 gram of fat

A

Saponification Number

172
Q

Characteristic fluidity of materials under specific flow conditions

A

Deborah Number

173
Q

Enzyme Classifications:
Enumerate and Define function

A

Over The HILL
a) Oxidoreductases - redox reactions
b) Transferases - functional group transfer
c) Hydrolases - hydrolysis (break bonds by adding H20)
d) Isomerases - yielding isomers
e) Lyases - bond breaking (elimination rxn) other than hydrolysis
f) Ligases - bond formation

174
Q

An enzyme that hydrolyzes proteins to their constituent amino acids

A

protease

175
Q

An enzyme in a snake venom is capable of causing the conversion of lecithins to lysolecithins. To which class does the enzyme belong?

A

hydrolase

176
Q

If an enzyme is inhibited non-competitively by the product of a reaction sequence in which the enzyme participates, the enzyme is ___-

A

allosteric

177
Q

A loosely bound cofactor that often dissociates from the enzyme active site after product has been formed.

A

coenzyme

178
Q

An inhibitor which has a chemical structure similar to that of an enzyme’s normal substrate is likely to act as a ____

A

competitive inhibitor

179
Q

The destruction of an enzyme’s catalytic power by changing its molecular structure is __

A

denaturation

180
Q

Denatured alcohol refers to ___

A

ethyl alcohol that has been treated with something to make it unfit to drink.

181
Q

The synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules with the input energy

A

Anabolism

182
Q

Set of metabolic pathways that breaks down complex molecules into smaller units.
Said units are either oxidized to release energy or are used in other anabolic reactions

A

Catabolism

183
Q

Electron Acceptors:
Define Aerobes

A

Can grow in the presence of oxygen

184
Q

Electron Acceptors:
Define Anaerobes

A

Cannot grow in presence of oxygen.
Uses nitrate and sulfides as electron source

185
Q

Electron Acceptors:
Define Facultative Aerobes

A

Can grow in the presence/ absence of oxygen

186
Q

Electron Acceptors:
Define Microaerophiles

A

Requires lower levels oxygen

187
Q

Growth Phases:
Define Lag Phase

A

-Initial phase (inoculation)
- New environment and now cell division

188
Q

Growth Phases:
Define Exponential (Log) Phase

A

-Cells divide via binary fission
-Antibiotics/ Disinfectants applied here

189
Q

Continuous culture apparatus in which medium is fed at the same rate as microorganism-containing medium is removed; the medium contains one essential nutrients in limiting quantities.

A

chemostat

190
Q

A glycoprotein produced in response to the introduction of an antigen; it has the ability to combine with the antigen that stimulated its production, also known as immunoglobulin.

A

antibody

191
Q

Growth Phases:
Define Stationary Phase

A

-Cell growth reaches a plateau (creation = death)

192
Q

Growth Phases:
Define Death Phase

A

-Cell death due to low nutrients and high waste products

193
Q

A structure within or on a cell that performs specific functions and is related
to the cell in a way similar to that of an organ to the body.

A

organelles

194
Q

Microorganisms which can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen are ____

A

facultative organisms

195
Q

Vitamin Deficiency:
vitamin B3
vitamin B6

A

*vitamin B3
pellagra
*vitamin B6
inability to digest amino acids

196
Q

With which vitamin do you associate the disease pellagra?

A

vitamin B3

197
Q

Inability to digest amino acids may indicate a deficiency in _____

A

vitamin B6

198
Q

A bacterial infection transmitted by contaminated food, water, milk, or shellfish. The causative organism is Salmonella typhi, which is present inhuman feces.

A

typhoid fever

199
Q

Allergies, such as hay fever, result from __

A

an abnormal immunity to a common substance

200
Q

An infectious agent having a simple acellular organization with a protein coat and a single type of nucleic acid, lacking independent metabolism, and reproducing only within living host cells.

A

virus

201
Q

A virus that uses bacteria as its host.

A

Bacteriophage

202
Q

A microbial product or its derivative that kills susceptible microorganisms or inhibits their growth.

A

antibiotic

203
Q

The process by which all living cells, viable spores, viruses, and viriods are either destroyed or removed from an object or habitat.

A

sterilization

204
Q

A preparation of either killed microorganisms; living, weakened (attenuated) microorganisms; or inactivated bacterial toxins (toxoids). It is administered to include development of the immune response and protect the individual against a pathogen or a toxin.

A

vaccine

205
Q

The process of heating milk and other liquids to destroy microorganisms that can cause spoilage or disease.

A

pasteurization

206
Q

Which enzyme would you expect to find in greater concentration in the stomach of a baby than in an adult’s stomach?

A

rennin

207
Q

A complex sulphated polysaccharide, usually extracted from red algae, that is used as a solidifying agent in the preparation of culture media.

A

agar

208
Q

Sugars in which the aldehyde group can be oxidized to a carboxylic acid group are called

A

reducing sugars

209
Q

Petroleum Products: (# of C’s and Phase)

a) Petroleum Gas
b) Gasoline
c) Kerosene
d) Fuel Oil
e) Lubricating Oil
f) Residue

A

a) Petroleum Gas: C1 to C4
Gas
b) Gasoline (naphtha): C5 to C12
Liquid
c) Kerosene: C12 to C16
Liquid
d) Fuel Oil: C15 to C18
Liquid
e) Lubricating Oil: C15 to C18
Liquid
f) Residue (asphalt): > C18
Solid

210
Q

Explain Octane Rating

A

iso-Octane * 100 / (iso-Octane + Heptane)

211
Q

A combination of atoms that confers certain chemical and physical properties on a compound is called a ___

A

functional group

212
Q

Functional Group
Alcohol

A

-OH
-ol

213
Q

Functional Group
Ether

A

-OR

214
Q

Functional Group
Aldehyde

A

-C=OH
-al

215
Q

Functional Group
Ketone

A

-C=OR
-one

216
Q

Functional Group
Carboxylic Acid

A

-C=OH
-oic acid

217
Q

Functional Group
Ester

A

-C=OOR
-oate

218
Q

Functional Group
Amide

A

-C=ONH3
-amide

219
Q

Functional Group
Amine

A

-NH2
amino-

220
Q

Functional Group
Haloalkane

A

-X (Cl, Br, I, F)
halo-

221
Q

Isomers with same connectivity

A

Stereoisomers

222
Q

Achiral isomers AKA Geometric/ Configurational isomers

A

Cis–trans isomers

223
Q

Achiral isomers AKA Asymmetric isomers

A

Optical isomers

224
Q

Chiral isomers that are not mirror images.

A

Diastereomers

225
Q

Explain Plane of Symmetry

A

Imaginary plane that bisects a molecule into two halves that are mirror images of each other

226
Q

The toxicity methyl alcohol results from its oxidation by liver enzymes to ____

A

formaldehyde

227
Q

Shark liver oil

A

squalene

228
Q

Burning polyacrylonitrile (Orion) generates ___

A

HCN

229
Q

_______ is a rather disagreeable-smelling liquid used as a preservative for laboratory specimens.

A

Methanal

230
Q

In chemical reactions involving alkenes, halogen atoms can replace hydrogen atoms. These reactions are called ____

A

dehydrogenation

231
Q

When methane is heated in the absence of air or O2, it breaks up to give carbon and hydrogen. The process is named as ____

A

Pyrolysis

232
Q

Crystalline polymer which is used primarily as a film. It is used in flammability-lowering coatings of airplane interiors and photovoltaic module backsheets.

A

Polyvinyl Fluoride (PVF)

233
Q

The formation of disulfides through oxidation of two thiols is important for?

A

maintaining the structure of protein

234
Q

Common Catalysts for Hydrogenation

A

Platinum, Palladium, Ruthenium, and Nickel

235
Q

Carbohydrates that are missing a hydroxy group

A

Deoxy Sugars

236
Q

Cellular Organelles:
Replication of DNA takes place in ___

A

nucleus

237
Q

Cellular Organelles:
Remove damaged cellular components and some unwanted foreign materials

A

lysosomes

238
Q

Cellular Organelles:
Package and process proteins for secretion and delivery to other cellular compartments

A

Golgi bodies

239
Q

Cellular Organelles:
Catabolic pathway takes place in ___

A

mitochondria

ChE LE Flashcards (20 decks)

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