Inorganic Chemistry Part 2 Flashcards
Contributions:
Max Planck
discovered that atoms and molecules emit energy only in certain discrete quantities, or quanta
“Energy is quantized”
Max Plank
(energy comes in steps”
Describe quanta
E= hf = hc/L
Smallest amount of energy that can be emitted (or absorbed) in the form of electromagnetic radiation
Contributions:
James Clerk Maxwell
proposed that visible light consists of electromagnetic waves
“electromagnetic wave has an electric field component and a magnetic field component.”
Photoelectric effect equation
E = hf = KE + W
Continuous or line spectra of radiation emitted by substances.
Emission Spectra
Examples:
*glow of metal during smelting,
*shine of Tungsten bulb when lit
Light emission only at specific wavelengths.
line spectra
“Electron is allowed to occupy only certain orbits of specific energies”
Niels Bohr
Contributions:
Johannes Balmer
Made a mathematical model explaining the observed frequencies for Hydrogen Spectral Lines
Contributions:
Niels Bohr
- Hydrogen spectra
“Electrons occupy only certain orbits” - Planetary model
Why Niel’s Bohr was UNSUCCESSFUL in explaining Emission Spectra?
*Works for Hydrogen only (for atoms with only 1 electron)
*No reason why extra spectra lines are present when magnetic field is present
Why Niel’s Bohr was SUCCESSFUL in explaining Emission Spectra?
Can still make good approximations for multiple electron systems
Lowest energy state of a system
ground state
Higher in energy than the ground state
excited state
Explain behavior of Electron when absorbing or emitting energy
*Absorb photon: (+)E, electrons moves to higher energy level (excited state)
*Emit photon: (-) electrons move to lower energy level (ground state)
Meaning of LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Contributions:
Louis de Broglie
de Broglie Wavelength:
L = h/mv
*Wave-Particle Duality
“If waves (light) behave as particles,
then particles (electrons) behave as waves)
Wave-Particle Duality of Light
Albert Einstein
Wave Particle Duality of Matter
Louis de Broglie
Contributions:
Clinton Davisson, Lester Germer and G. P. Thomson
Demonstrated that electrons INDEED do have wave-like properties
Explain Heisenberg
uncertainty principle
Paths of electrons are not well-defined
“It is impossible to know simultaneously both the momentum p (defined as mass times velocity) and the position of a particle with certainty.”
Contributions:
Erwin Schrödinger
*Tried to find way to solve Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
*ELECTRON DENSITY: Came up with “wave function” that describes PROBABILITY where an electron is likely located
Gives the probability that an electron will be found in a particular region of an atom
Electron density
How the electrons are distributed among the various atomic orbitals
Electron configuration
Why Shielding Effect only exists in Multi-Electron Atoms?
All orbitals within a shell no longer have the same energy levels
Explain Shielding Effect
Inner e- shields valence e- from attractive force of the nucleus
Relation of Shielding Effect to Ionization Energy
- More shielding e- = Lower Ionization Energy
- Grp 13 elements have LOWER Ionization Energy than Grp 2
Rule that limits the total number of electrons in an orbital to 2
Pauli Exclusion Principle
(up and down lang possible, doble na if may additional)
Aufbau principle
Orbitals are filled in order of increasing energy, with no more than 2 e- per orbital
Pauli Exclusion Principle
No two e- could have the same set of quantum numbers
Hund’s Rule
For degenerate orbitals, the lowest energy is attained when the number of e- having the same spin is maximized
Contributions:
Otto Stern and Walther Gerlach
Conclusive proof of electron spins
*beam of atoms through magnetic field, 2 spots pertaining to 2 spins
Alloy of mercury + another metal or metals
Amalgam
Metals strongly attracted to magnets
Ferromagnetic metals
Describe Band Theory
Delocalized electrons move freely through “bands” formed by overlapping molecular orbitals
Closely spaced filled energy levels in metals
Valance Band
Closely spaced empty levels in metals
Conduction bands
Energy gap between the valence and conduction bands
Band Gap
Differentiate Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductors
*Intrinsic Semiconductors: small, fixed band gap
*Extrinsic Semiconductors: size of band gap controlled by adding impurities (“doping”)
Solids containing donor impurities
n-type semiconductors
(negative)
Solids containing acceptor impurities
p-type semiconductors
(positive)
Differentiate Acceptor and Donor Impurities
Acceptor: electron deficient, accepts electron
Donor: electron rich, donates electrons
Process of converting nitrogen and hydrogen into Ammonia
Haber process
Hydrazine is commonly used as a ___
rocket fuel
Aqua regia is a mixture of ___
HCl and Nitric acid
____ is the most important fertilizer in the world
Ammonium nitrate
By far the most abundant element in Earth’s crust
Oxygen
Gas commonly used to purify drinking water, to deodorize air and sewage gases, and to bleach waxes, oils, and textiles.
Ozone O3
Process of extracting sulfur from underground deposits
Frasch process
Process of creating sulfuric acid using V2O5 as catalyst
Contact process
Process of electrolysis of a concentrated aqueous NaCl solution (called brine) to produce chlorine gas
Chlor-Alkali Process
Process of electrolysis of molten NaCl
Downs process
Common source of magnesium
Seawater
Toxic and reactive elements that are found only in compounds with other elements
Halogens
Most toxic phosphorus allotrope
White Phosphorus P4
Exceptions to Octet Rule
- Radicals
- Incomplete Octets: compounds with Be, B, Al have less than 6 valence e-
- Hypervalent: 3rd period Nonmetals
Molecular compound distinguished by a high molar mass, ranging into thousands and millions of grams, and made up of many repeating units
Polymer
Chemical Name of Rubber
Polyisoprene
Showed that polymers are enormously large molecules
Hermann Staudinger
Meaning of Monomers
Simple repeating units
Meaning of Homopolymers
Polymer made up of only one type of monomer
Meaning of Copolymer
Polymer containing two or more different monomers.
Plant where natural rubber came from
Hevea brasiliensis
Meaning of SBR
styrene-butadiene rubber
Invented Vulcanization
Charles Goodyear
Catalyst of Vulcanization
ZnO Zinc Oxide
Also known as Elastomers
Synthetic rubber
Primary Raw Materials for Vulcanization
Sulfur
SBR is what type of polymer?
Copolymer
Final Product of between hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid
Nylon 6-6
Dacron is a ___
Polyester
Polymers of amino acids
Proteins
Contains 100 or more amino acid residues
Polypeptide chain
Predicted the geometry of proteins (alpha helix and beta structures)
Linus Pauling
Corresponding # of Electron Groups for each Geometry
Linear = 2 electron grps
Trigonal Planar = 3
Tetrahedral = 4
Trigonal Bipyramidal = 5
Octahedral = 6
Corresponding # of Electron Groups for each Hybridization
sp = 2
sp2 = 3
sp3 = 4
sp3d = 5
sp3d2 = 6
Came up with the Bing Bang Theory
George Gamow
Properties on the atomic or molecular scale, must be determined by an indirect method
Microscopic properties
Properties that can be determined directly
Macroscopic properties
Invented the Geiger counter
Johannes Hans Wilhelm Geiger
Catalyzed the discovery of the Nucleus
AKA Geiger- Marsden Experiment
* Johannes Hans Wilhelm Geiger
* Ernest Marsden
Developed the Mass Spectrometer
Francis William Aston
Developed the ‘panspermia’ theory
Svante August Arrhenius
Proposed the Bronsted-Lowry acids and bases
- Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted
- Thomas Martin Lowry
Received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1910 for his work on the properties of gases and liquids.
Johannes Diderck van der Waals
Received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922 for his theory explaining the spectrum of the hydrogen atom
Niels Henrik David Bohr
Demonstrated the wave properties of electrons.
DAVISSON-GERMER-THOMSON
* Clinton Joseph Davisson
* George Paget Thomson
* Lester Halbert Germer
Formulated wave mechanics, which laid the foundation for modern quantum theory.
Erwin Schrödinger
Made important contributions to the study of magnetic properties of atoms and the kinetic theory of gases.
Otto Stern
Provided conclusive proof of electron spin
Otto Stern and Walther Gerlach
Received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1954 for his interpretation of the wave function for particles.
Max Born
Came with a process to synthesize ammonia from atmospheric nitrogen
Fritz Haber
Inventor of dynamite
Alfred Nobel
Discovered of X-ray diffraction
Max Theodor Felix von Laue
Rewarded the Nobel Prize due to their contributions in X-ray crystallography
*William Henry Bragg
*William Lawrence Bragg
Offers the most accurate method for determining bond lengths and bond angles in molecules in the solid state.
X-ray diffraction techniques
Tells us the relative electron densities at various locations in a molecule
Electron-density contour map
Developed the industrial process for preparing nitric acid that now bears his name
Wilhelm Ostwald
Petroleum Products: (# of C’s and Phase)
a) Petroleum Gas
b) Gasoline
c) Kerosene
d) Fuel Oil
e) Lubricating Oil
f) Residue
a) Petroleum Gas: C1 to C4
Gas
b) Gasoline (naphtha): C5 to C12
Liquid
c) Kerosene: C12 to C16
Liquid
d) Fuel Oil: C15 to C18
Liquid
e) Lubricating Oil: C16 to C20
Liquid
f) Residue (asphalt): > C20
Solid
