Inorganic Chemistry Part 2 Flashcards by Reindel Mallari

Contributions:
Max Planck

discovered that atoms and molecules emit energy only in certain discrete quantities, or quanta

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

“Energy is quantized”

Max Plank
(energy comes in steps”

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Describe quanta

E= hf = hc/L
Smallest amount of energy that can be emitted (or absorbed) in the form of electromagnetic radiation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Contributions:
James Clerk Maxwell

proposed that visible light consists of electromagnetic waves

“electromagnetic wave has an electric field component and a magnetic field component.”

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Photoelectric effect equation

E = hf = KE + W

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Continuous or line spectra of radiation emitted by substances.

Emission Spectra
Examples:
*glow of metal during smelting,
*shine of Tungsten bulb when lit

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Light emission only at specific wavelengths.

line spectra

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

“Electron is allowed to occupy only certain orbits of specific energies”

Niels Bohr

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Contributions:
Johannes Balmer

Made a mathematical model explaining the observed frequencies for Hydrogen Spectral Lines

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Contributions:
Niels Bohr

Hydrogen spectra
“Electrons occupy only certain orbits”
Planetary model

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Why Niel’s Bohr was UNSUCCESSFUL in explaining Emission Spectra?

*Works for Hydrogen only (for atoms with only 1 electron)
*No reason why extra spectra lines are present when magnetic field is present

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Why Niel’s Bohr was SUCCESSFUL in explaining Emission Spectra?

Can still make good approximations for multiple electron systems

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Lowest energy state of a system

ground state

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Higher in energy than the ground state

excited state

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Explain behavior of Electron when absorbing or emitting energy

*Absorb photon: (+)E, electrons moves to higher energy level (excited state)
*Emit photon: (-) electrons move to lower energy level (ground state)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Meaning of LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Contributions:
Louis de Broglie

de Broglie Wavelength:
L = h/mv

*Wave-Particle Duality
“If waves (light) behave as particles,
then particles (electrons) behave as waves)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Wave-Particle Duality of Light

Albert Einstein

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Wave Particle Duality of Matter

Louis de Broglie

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Contributions:
Clinton Davisson, Lester Germer and G. P. Thomson

Demonstrated that electrons INDEED do have wave-like properties

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Explain Heisenberg
uncertainty principle

Paths of electrons are not well-defined
“It is impossible to know simultaneously both the momentum p (defined as mass times velocity) and the position of a particle with certainty.”

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Contributions:
Erwin Schrödinger

*Tried to find way to solve Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

*ELECTRON DENSITY: Came up with “wave function” that describes PROBABILITY where an electron is likely located

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Gives the probability that an electron will be found in a particular region of an atom

Electron density

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How the electrons are distributed among the various atomic orbitals

Electron configuration

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Why Shielding Effect only exists in Multi-Electron Atoms?

All orbitals within a shell no longer have the same energy levels

Explain Shielding Effect

Inner e- shields valence e- from attractive force of the nucleus

Relation of Shielding Effect to Ionization Energy

* More shielding e- = Lower Ionization Energy * Grp 13 elements have LOWER Ionization Energy than Grp 2

Rule that limits the total number of electrons in an orbital to 2

Pauli Exclusion Principle (up and down lang possible, doble na if may additional)

Aufbau principle

Orbitals are filled in order of increasing energy, with no more than 2 e- per orbital

Pauli Exclusion Principle

No two e- could have the same set of quantum numbers

Hund’s Rule

For degenerate orbitals, the lowest energy is attained when the number of e- having the same spin is maximized

Contributions: Otto Stern and Walther Gerlach

Conclusive proof of electron spins *beam of atoms through magnetic field, 2 spots pertaining to 2 spins

Alloy of mercury + another metal or metals

Amalgam

Metals strongly attracted to magnets

Ferromagnetic metals

Describe Band Theory

Delocalized electrons move freely through “bands” formed by overlapping molecular orbitals

Closely spaced filled energy levels in metals

Valance Band

Closely spaced empty levels in metals

Conduction bands

Energy gap between the valence and conduction bands

Band Gap

Differentiate Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductors

*Intrinsic Semiconductors: small, fixed band gap *Extrinsic Semiconductors: size of band gap controlled by adding impurities (“doping”)

Solids containing donor impurities

n-type semiconductors (negative)

Solids containing acceptor impurities

p-type semiconductors (positive)

Differentiate Acceptor and Donor Impurities

Acceptor: electron deficient, accepts electron Donor: electron rich, donates electrons

Process of converting nitrogen and hydrogen into Ammonia

Haber process

Hydrazine is commonly used as a ___

rocket fuel

Aqua regia is a mixture of ___

HCl and Nitric acid

____ is the most important fertilizer in the world

Ammonium nitrate

By far the most abundant element in Earth’s crust

Oxygen

Gas commonly used to purify drinking water, to deodorize air and sewage gases, and to bleach waxes, oils, and textiles.

Ozone O3

Process of extracting sulfur from underground deposits

Frasch process

Process of creating sulfuric acid using V2O5 as catalyst

Contact process

Process of electrolysis of a concentrated aqueous NaCl solution (called brine) to produce chlorine gas

Chlor-Alkali Process

Process of electrolysis of molten NaCl

Downs process

Common source of magnesium

Seawater

Toxic and reactive elements that are found only in compounds with other elements

Halogens

Most toxic phosphorus allotrope

White Phosphorus P4

Exceptions to Octet Rule

1. Radicals 2. Incomplete Octets: compounds with Be, B, Al have less than 6 valence e- 3. Hypervalent: 3rd period Nonmetals

Molecular compound distinguished by a high molar mass, ranging into thousands and millions of grams, and made up of many repeating units

Polymer

Chemical Name of Rubber

Polyisoprene

Showed that polymers are enormously large molecules

Hermann Staudinger

Meaning of Monomers

Simple repeating units

Meaning of Homopolymers

Polymer made up of only one type of monomer

Meaning of Copolymer

Polymer containing two or more different monomers.

Plant where natural rubber came from

Hevea brasiliensis

Meaning of SBR

styrene-butadiene rubber

Invented Vulcanization

Charles Goodyear

Catalyst of Vulcanization

ZnO Zinc Oxide

Also known as Elastomers

Synthetic rubber

Primary Raw Materials for Vulcanization

Sulfur

SBR is what type of polymer?

Copolymer

Final Product of between hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid

Nylon 6-6

Dacron is a ___

Polyester

Polymers of amino acids

Proteins

Contains 100 or more amino acid residues

Polypeptide chain

Predicted the geometry of proteins (alpha helix and beta structures)

Linus Pauling

Corresponding # of Electron Groups for each Geometry

Linear = 2 electron grps Trigonal Planar = 3 Tetrahedral = 4 Trigonal Bipyramidal = 5 Octahedral = 6

Corresponding # of Electron Groups for each Hybridization

sp = 2 sp2 = 3 sp3 = 4 sp3d = 5 sp3d2 = 6

Came up with the Bing Bang Theory

George Gamow

Properties on the atomic or molecular scale, must be determined by an indirect method

Microscopic properties

Properties that can be determined directly

Macroscopic properties

Invented the Geiger counter

Johannes Hans Wilhelm Geiger

Catalyzed the discovery of the Nucleus

AKA Geiger- Marsden Experiment * Johannes Hans Wilhelm Geiger * Ernest Marsden

Developed the Mass Spectrometer

Francis William Aston

Developed the 'panspermia' theory

Svante August Arrhenius

Proposed the Bronsted-Lowry acids and bases

* Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted * Thomas Martin Lowry

Received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1910 for his work on the properties of gases and liquids.

Johannes Diderck van der Waals

Received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922 for his theory explaining the spectrum of the hydrogen atom

Niels Henrik David Bohr

Demonstrated the wave properties of electrons.

DAVISSON-GERMER-THOMSON * Clinton Joseph Davisson * George Paget Thomson * Lester Halbert Germer

Formulated wave mechanics, which laid the foundation for modern quantum theory.

Erwin Schrödinger

Made important contributions to the study of magnetic properties of atoms and the kinetic theory of gases.

Otto Stern

Provided conclusive proof of electron spin

Otto Stern and Walther Gerlach

Received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1954 for his interpretation of the wave function for particles.

Max Born

Came with a process to synthesize ammonia from atmospheric nitrogen

Fritz Haber

Inventor of dynamite

Alfred Nobel

Discovered of X-ray diffraction

Max Theodor Felix von Laue

Rewarded the Nobel Prize due to their contributions in X-ray crystallography

*William Henry Bragg *William Lawrence Bragg

Offers the most accurate method for determining bond lengths and bond angles in molecules in the solid state.

X-ray diffraction techniques

Tells us the relative electron densities at various locations in a molecule

Electron-density contour map

Developed the industrial process for preparing nitric acid that now bears his name

Wilhelm Ostwald

Petroleum Products: (# of C’s and Phase) a) Petroleum Gas b) Gasoline c) Kerosene d) Fuel Oil e) Lubricating Oil f) Residue

a) Petroleum Gas: C1 to C4 Gas b) Gasoline (naphtha): C5 to C12 Liquid c) Kerosene: C12 to C16 Liquid d) Fuel Oil: C15 to C18 Liquid e) Lubricating Oil: C16 to C20 Liquid f) Residue (asphalt): > C20 Solid