The female breast anatomy and clinical problems and features Flashcards
function of the nipple
deliver milk out of ducts
erogenous zones
what does the intermammary cleft mark
surface that marks the devision of the two breast with the sternum in the middle
the pigmented areola surrounds the nipple what is its function
sebaceous glands
contain sebaceous glands that enlarge during pregnancy and produce oily substance that acts as a protective lubricant for the nipple - makes it easier of babies to target
where are the breasts located
anterior thoracic wall
from where does the breast extend ? ( horizontally )
mid line of the sternum to the mid-axillary line
what muscles does it lie superior too
pectorals major and serrates anterior
what two regions can the breast be composed of
circular body - largest and most prominent area
axillary tail - runs inferior to the lateral edge of the pectorals major towards the axillary fossa
what is a supernumerary nipple
common brith defect consists of an extra nipple
where are most breast cancers
axillary tail
Vertically how far do the breasts span normally- ribs
2nd to 6th ribs ( costal cartilages)
is the mammary duct endocrine or exocrine
exocrine
where does the mammary line - where extra nipples or accessory breasts can grown run from
axilla down to medial thigh and groin region
At menopause what happens to the breast
atrophy
what does each fatty lobule consists of
many alveoli and a lactiferous duct( collects the milk from lobules within each lobe and carry to nipple)
what function do the suspensory ligaments play(2)
attach and secure the breasts to the dermis and underlying pectoral fascia
separate secretory lobules( fill with milk in cuboidal cells) of the breast
what loose layer is used for Breast recontrstuion
retromammary space
stiffening or hardening of the boob during swing is a sign of what
breast cancer
what attaches to the pectoral fascia
suspensory ligaments of astley cooper
main arterial supply to the breast
axillary and lateral thoracic branches of subclavian give rise to mammary - really good blood supply allows cancer to spread quickly too
venous supply from breasts
internal mammary vein
axillary
lateral thoracic vein
what does metastasis mean
the spread of cancer cells to new areas of the body
three main lymph node drainage
axillary
parasternal
internal mammary
5 groups of main lymph nodes
apical - all others drain, behind clavicle , apex of axilla along medial side of subclavian vein anterior - pec minor border posterior- subs cap vessels lateral - axillary vein border central - in axillary fat
Where are the apical lymph nodes
behind the clavicle at the apex of axilla above pec minor along the medial side of vein
where does lymph drain to from the apical nodes
to subclavian trunk then to subclavian vein or jugular trunk on the right side
on the left side to thoracic duct
where are the parasternal nodes
anterior ends of intercostal spaces by thoracic vessels
where can cancer spread to from the breast
liver,lungs other breast
What is a PET scan
detect early signs of cancer using a radioactive tracer
what nerves supply the breasts
anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of 3rd-5th intercostal nerves -sensory
autonomic function of blood vessel tone and smooth muscles in skin and nipple
what hormones control the production of milk
oxytocin- makes smooth muscle around the breast contract so they release milk
prolactin- stimulates production of milk by alveoli cells ( stimulates growth and development of mammary tissue)
hypoplasia
underdeveloped tissue or organ
amazia
condition condition where one or both of the Mammary glands is absent
the supra scapular nerves from cervical plexus supply what part of the breast
lateral and upper parts
what dermatome are mens nipples
T4
found at 4th intercostal space
where do most breast cancers occur
upper lateral quadrant as includes the axillary process/tail
most glandular tissue
symptoms of breast cancer
Dimpling( contraction o ligaments)
Retraction of those ligament of astley cooper cause - also seen in benign disease
retraction of nipple
Nipple deviation
Edema of skin - peau d’orange - leathery
Abnormal countros
nipple bleeding
metastasis in areas aforementioned
invades retromammary space
what type of cancer occurs in the breast ( most common)
glandular cancer - arise from epithelial cells of lactiferous ducts in lobules
adenocarcinoma
what clinical signs does a fibro-odema(build up of fluid) present
mobile and slips and moves with breast- benign
do some benign lumps coincide with the menstrual cycle
yes
what is sentinel lymph node biopsy
surgical procedure where you inject radioactive dye to determine whether the cancer has spread beyond a primary tumour in you lymphatic system
What is a mastectomy
surgical removal of one or both breasts ( partially or complete)
radical mastectomy - includes muscle
how does breast cancer spread to the bone
intercostal veins to veins around vertebral bodies then into veins around spinal cord
