The female breast anatomy and clinical problems and features

Question 1

function of the nipple

Answer 1

deliver milk out of ducts

erogenous zones

Question 2

what does the intermammary cleft mark

Answer 2

surface that marks the devision of the two breast with the sternum in the middle

Question 3

the pigmented areola surrounds the nipple what is its function

sebaceous glands

Answer 3

contain sebaceous glands that enlarge during pregnancy and produce oily substance that acts as a protective lubricant for the nipple - makes it easier of babies to target

Question 4

where are the breasts located

Answer 4

anterior thoracic wall

Question 5

from where does the breast extend ? ( horizontally )

Answer 5

mid line of the sternum to the mid-axillary line

Question 6

what muscles does it lie superior too

Answer 6

pectorals major and serrates anterior

Question 7

what two regions can the breast be composed of

Answer 7

circular body - largest and most prominent area

axillary tail - runs inferior to the lateral edge of the pectorals major towards the axillary fossa

Question 8

what is a supernumerary nipple

Answer 8

common brith defect consists of an extra nipple

Question 9

where are most breast cancers

Answer 9

axillary tail

Question 10

Vertically how far do the breasts span normally- ribs

Answer 10

2nd to 6th ribs ( costal cartilages)

Question 11

is the mammary duct endocrine or exocrine

Answer 11

exocrine

Question 12

where does the mammary line - where extra nipples or accessory breasts can grown run from

Answer 12

axilla down to medial thigh and groin region

Question 13

At menopause what happens to the breast

Answer 13

atrophy

Question 14

what does each fatty lobule consists of

Answer 14

many alveoli and a lactiferous duct( collects the milk from lobules within each lobe and carry to nipple)

Question 15

what function do the suspensory ligaments play(2)

Answer 15

attach and secure the breasts to the dermis and underlying pectoral fascia

separate secretory lobules( fill with milk in cuboidal cells) of the breast

Question 16

what loose layer is used for Breast recontrstuion

Answer 16

retromammary space

Question 17

stiffening or hardening of the boob during swing is a sign of what

Answer 17

breast cancer

Question 18

what attaches to the pectoral fascia

Answer 18

suspensory ligaments of astley cooper

Question 19

main arterial supply to the breast

Answer 19

axillary and lateral thoracic branches of subclavian give rise to mammary - really good blood supply allows cancer to spread quickly too

Question 20

venous supply from breasts

Answer 20

internal mammary vein
axillary
lateral thoracic vein

Question 21

what does metastasis mean

Answer 21

the spread of cancer cells to new areas of the body

Question 22

three main lymph node drainage

Answer 22

axillary
parasternal
internal mammary

Question 23

5 groups of main lymph nodes

Answer 23

apical - all others drain, behind clavicle , apex of axilla along medial side of subclavian vein 
anterior - pec minor border
posterior- subs cap vessels
lateral - axillary vein border 
central - in axillary fat

Question 24

Where are the apical lymph nodes

Answer 24

behind the clavicle at the apex of axilla above pec minor along the medial side of vein

Question 25

where does lymph drain to from the apical nodes

Answer 25

to subclavian trunk then to subclavian vein or jugular trunk on the right side
on the left side to thoracic duct

Question 26

where are the parasternal nodes

Answer 26

anterior ends of intercostal spaces by thoracic vessels

Question 27

where can cancer spread to from the breast

Answer 27

liver,lungs other breast

Question 28

What is a PET scan

Answer 28

detect early signs of cancer using a radioactive tracer

Question 29

what nerves supply the breasts

Answer 29

anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of 3rd-5th intercostal nerves -sensory
autonomic function of blood vessel tone and smooth muscles in skin and nipple

Question 30

what hormones control the production of milk

Answer 30

oxytocin- makes smooth muscle around the breast contract so they release milk
prolactin- stimulates production of milk by alveoli cells ( stimulates growth and development of mammary tissue)

Question 31

hypoplasia

Answer 31

underdeveloped tissue or organ

Question 32

amazia

Answer 32

condition condition where one or both of the Mammary glands is absent

Question 33

the supra scapular nerves from cervical plexus supply what part of the breast

Answer 33

lateral and upper parts

Question 34

what dermatome are mens nipples

Answer 34

T4

found at 4th intercostal space

Question 35

where do most breast cancers occur

Answer 35

upper lateral quadrant as includes the axillary process/tail
most glandular tissue

Question 36

symptoms of breast cancer

Answer 36

Dimpling( contraction o ligaments)

Retraction of those ligament of astley cooper cause - also seen in benign disease

retraction of nipple

Nipple deviation

Edema of skin - peau d’orange - leathery

Abnormal countros

nipple bleeding

metastasis in areas aforementioned

invades retromammary space

Question 37

what type of cancer occurs in the breast ( most common)

Answer 37

glandular cancer - arise from epithelial cells of lactiferous ducts in lobules
adenocarcinoma

Question 38

what clinical signs does a fibro-odema(build up of fluid) present

Answer 38

mobile and slips and moves with breast- benign

Question 39

do some benign lumps coincide with the menstrual cycle

Answer 39

yes

Question 40

what is sentinel lymph node biopsy

Answer 40

surgical procedure where you inject radioactive dye to determine whether the cancer has spread beyond a primary tumour in you lymphatic system

Question 41

What is a mastectomy

Answer 41

surgical removal of one or both breasts ( partially or complete)
radical mastectomy - includes muscle

Question 42

how does breast cancer spread to the bone

Answer 42

intercostal veins to veins around vertebral bodies then into veins around spinal cord