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Endocrine and Reproductive system > overview of major endocrine glands and their specialised cells > Flashcards

overview of major endocrine glands and their specialised cells Flashcards

1
Q

what is Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Cushing syndrome is abnormal high level of cortisol secreted

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2
Q

what hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex

A

Aldosterone
Cortisol
5-DHEA

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3
Q

common symptoms of hyperthyroidism

A 
High levels of energy 
Diarrhoea 
Heat intolerance 
Tremour 
Weight loss
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4
Q

endocrine gland

A

releases chemical messengers directly into circulating system regulating distant target organs

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5
Q

exocrine glands

A

secrete hormones to the outside of the body via a duct such as salivary or sweat glands

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6
Q

Graves disease

Sx

A

immune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism ( symptoms of this can be tremours of the hands and opthalmoalegia

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7
Q

Hashimoto thyroiditis

A

autoimmune creates antibodies to destroy leading to hypo

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8
Q

what is a goitre

A

non inflammatory enlargement normally due to an iodine deficiency

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9
Q

what gland sits in the hypophyseal fossa of the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone ?

A

Pituitary gland

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10
Q

where does the pituitary gland sit

A

hypophyseal fossa of the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

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11
Q

what connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary

A

infundibulum

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12
Q

what 2 hormones are released by the poster pituitary

A

oxytocin

ADH

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13
Q

what are the 5 main types hormones released by the anterior pituitary

A 
THYROTROPHS TSH 
gonadotrophs FSH,LH 
corticotrophin ACTH,MSH 
lactotrophs PRL 
somatotrohps GH
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14
Q

central diabetes insipidus caused by deficiency of what

A

vasopressin

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15
Q

hypothyroidism caused by

A

deficiency of TSH

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16
Q

hyperpituitarism

A

hyper secretion of the hormones produced by pituitary

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17
Q

panhypopituitarism

A

decreased secretion of most

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18
Q

can pituitary tumours and adenomas releases hormones

A

yes

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19
Q

what sinus does the pituitary gland sit

A

Cavernous sinus

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20
Q

Where can you find the thyroid gland

A

Anterior level of C5-T1 of trachea

isthmus lies antihero and connects two sides.

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21
Q

sternoclaidomastoid muscle

A

turn the neck

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22
Q

what artery supplies the thyroid gland

A

superior thyroid artery from external carotid from common carotid

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23
Q

thyroid glands consist of follicular cells what do they release

A

T3,T4

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24
Q

parafollicular cells are found on the outside of follicular cells - what do they release

A

Calcitonin

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25
Hypothyroidism symptoms
``` Goitre bradycardia menorrhagia constipation weight gain sensitivity to the cold lethargy carpal tunnel syndrome ```
26
Hyperthyroidism symptoms
``` Goitre tachycardia angina atrial fibrillation - only heart stuff here hypertension oligomenorrhoea diarhoea sweaty warm hands weight loss heat intolerance tremor anxiety Exoptithalmos ```
27
what are the three Paris of veins that drain the thyroid
sup thyroid viens- to IJV then internal jug middle TV - parallel to inferior arteries then to IJV inf TV- bradiocpehalic
28
does the thyroid drain to the deep cervical nodes then brachiocephalic and then thoracic duct ?
yes
29
nerves that control thyroid
sup, middle,inf - vasomotor control
30
what nerve can be injured during a thyroidectomy
recurrent laryngeal nerve
31
what cells secrete PTh
chief cells | sup and inf glands o posterior thyroid
32
what do oxyphil cells secrete
PTH in cancer ?
33
what supplies parathyroid gland
inferior thyroid arteries veins drain into thyroid plexus cervical and paratracheal nodes for lymph
34
primary hyperparathyroidism
could be due to parathyroid adenoma - symptoms are bones groans and stone increase PTH and ALP and serum calcium but lowers phosphate
35
secondary hyperparathyroidism
physiological secretion in response to hypocalcemua - vit d feicinecy PTH and ALP up Phosphate up Serum calcium low
36
Venous drainage of the adrenal glands
left - suprarenal - renal vein | right - IVC
37
what are the three part of the cortex
zona glomerulosa zona fasciculata zona reticularis
38
what activates the adrenal glands from the pituitary
ACTH
39
function of zona glomerulosa
mineralocorticoids like aldosterone - kidney retain water and sodium
40
zona fasciculata function
glucocorticoids such as cortisol - enhances glucagon and catecholamine and metabolism
41
zona reticularis function
makes androgens such as DHEA
42
in the adrenal medulla the chromaffin cells secrete what
catecholamines such as adrenaline and noradrenaline
43
what does angiotensin 2 do
acts on blood vessels causing vasoconstriction | or on adrenal gland to release aldosterone which stimulates reabsorption of water and salt at the kidneys
44
cons syndrome
hyperaldosteronism
45
Addisons disease
``` personality change cardiac insufficiency and hypotension adrenal atrophy diarrhoea and abode pain adrenal cortisol insuffiecny ```
46
Cushing syndrome
``` increased hair and thinning of scalp hair moon face cardiac hypertrophy hypertension adrenal hyperplasia buffalo hump striae of birth obese easy brushing diabetes glucocortid excess - disease ACTH - p adenoma ```
47
pancreas exocrine secretion , what cells release pancreatic juice
acinar cells into pancreatic ducts and duodenum
48
endocrine secretions from what cells in pancreas
``` islets of langerhans glucagon - A cells insulin - B cells somatostatin - D cells pancreatic polypeptide - F cells ```
49
what do the ovaries release
oestrogen and progesterone
50
what to the testis release
testosterone and inhibin
51
If painful goitre what is most common problem
de-quervain
52
beta blockers can treat what hyperthyroidism disease
graves disease
53
a 72yr old female with chronic kidney disease pain pain in her thighs - raised PTH and ALP and low calcium - what is mostly likely diagnosis
secondary hyperparathyroidism
54
in primary hyperparathyridsim what kind you find - normally due to extra tissue so either adenoma or hyperplasia
high calcium, ALP( shows bone distruction) , PTH low Phosphate - kidneys overstimulated ] management is parathyroidectomy
55
in secondary hyperparathyroidism normally due to chronic kidney disease so can't reach level of calcium so no negative feedback back to parathyroid gland and fit d defacing patients will present with fractures, cortical thinning and salt and pepper skill
normal low calcium | normal to high phosphate, ALP and PTH
56
in tertiary hyperparathyroidism what are the lab findings
High calcium phosphate ALP and PTH
57
a 37yr man weight gain and purple marks on abdomen , long term user for bodybuilding described as lemon on a stick appearance - most likely diagnosis
cushings syndrome
58
aldosterone - promoted by angiotensin II what function
DCT - promote sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion
59
adrenal insufficiency or Addison's diseases autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex - what are clinical features
``` weft loss hyperpigmentatino hypotension fatigue loss of libido salt and sugar craving ``` low morning cortisol - low sodium and high potassium
60
how to treat adhesions
hydrocortisone ( glucocorticoid and fludrocortisone)
61
Cushing syndrome - due to long term steroid use where as Cushing disease is a pituitary adenoma - what are the clinical features of cushign syndrome
``` hirsutism purple abdominal striae insulin resistance moon face buffalo hump ```
62
primary hyperaldosteronism is also known as what
conns disease - overproduction of aldosterone due to hyperplasia and adrenal adenoma
63
what are the clinical features of conns syndrome
treatment resistant hypertension and hypokalaemia and hypernatraemia
64
pheochromocytoma is a catecholamine secreting tumour in the adrenal medulla which presents with episodic hypertension , throbbing headache and palpitations - what can treat this
alpha and beta blockers
65
difference between gigantism and acromegaly
gigantism presents with tall statue and increased growth of distal limbs

Endocrine and Reproductive system (21 decks)

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