overview of major endocrine glands and their specialised cells Flashcards
what is Cushing’s syndrome?
Cushing syndrome is abnormal high level of cortisol secreted
what hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex
Aldosterone
Cortisol
5-DHEA
common symptoms of hyperthyroidism
High levels of energy Diarrhoea Heat intolerance Tremour Weight loss
endocrine gland
releases chemical messengers directly into circulating system regulating distant target organs
exocrine glands
secrete hormones to the outside of the body via a duct such as salivary or sweat glands
Graves disease
Sx
immune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism ( symptoms of this can be tremours of the hands and opthalmoalegia
Hashimoto thyroiditis
autoimmune creates antibodies to destroy leading to hypo
what is a goitre
non inflammatory enlargement normally due to an iodine deficiency
what gland sits in the hypophyseal fossa of the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone ?
Pituitary gland
where does the pituitary gland sit
hypophyseal fossa of the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
what connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary
infundibulum
what 2 hormones are released by the poster pituitary
oxytocin
ADH
what are the 5 main types hormones released by the anterior pituitary
THYROTROPHS TSH gonadotrophs FSH,LH corticotrophin ACTH,MSH lactotrophs PRL somatotrohps GH
central diabetes insipidus caused by deficiency of what
vasopressin
hypothyroidism caused by
deficiency of TSH
hyperpituitarism
hyper secretion of the hormones produced by pituitary
panhypopituitarism
decreased secretion of most
can pituitary tumours and adenomas releases hormones
yes
what sinus does the pituitary gland sit
Cavernous sinus
Where can you find the thyroid gland
Anterior level of C5-T1 of trachea
isthmus lies antihero and connects two sides.
sternoclaidomastoid muscle
turn the neck
what artery supplies the thyroid gland
superior thyroid artery from external carotid from common carotid
thyroid glands consist of follicular cells what do they release
T3,T4
parafollicular cells are found on the outside of follicular cells - what do they release
Calcitonin
Hypothyroidism symptoms
Goitre bradycardia menorrhagia constipation weight gain sensitivity to the cold lethargy carpal tunnel syndrome
Hyperthyroidism symptoms
Goitre tachycardia angina atrial fibrillation - only heart stuff here hypertension oligomenorrhoea diarhoea sweaty warm hands weight loss heat intolerance tremor anxiety Exoptithalmos
what are the three Paris of veins that drain the thyroid
sup thyroid viens- to IJV then internal jug
middle TV - parallel to inferior arteries then to IJV
inf TV- bradiocpehalic
does the thyroid drain to the deep cervical nodes then brachiocephalic and then thoracic duct ?
yes
nerves that control thyroid
sup, middle,inf - vasomotor control
what nerve can be injured during a thyroidectomy
recurrent laryngeal nerve
what cells secrete PTh
chief cells
sup and inf glands o posterior thyroid
what do oxyphil cells secrete
PTH in cancer ?
what supplies parathyroid gland
inferior thyroid arteries
veins drain into thyroid plexus
cervical and paratracheal nodes for lymph
primary hyperparathyroidism
could be due to parathyroid adenoma - symptoms are bones groans and stone increase PTH and ALP and serum calcium but lowers phosphate
secondary hyperparathyroidism
physiological secretion in response to hypocalcemua - vit d feicinecy
PTH and ALP up
Phosphate up
Serum calcium low
Venous drainage of the adrenal glands
left - suprarenal - renal vein
right - IVC
what are the three part of the cortex
zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis
what activates the adrenal glands from the pituitary
ACTH
function of zona glomerulosa
mineralocorticoids like aldosterone - kidney retain water and sodium
zona fasciculata function
glucocorticoids such as cortisol - enhances glucagon and catecholamine and metabolism
zona reticularis function
makes androgens such as DHEA
in the adrenal medulla the chromaffin cells secrete what
catecholamines such as adrenaline and noradrenaline
what does angiotensin 2 do
acts on blood vessels causing vasoconstriction
or on adrenal gland to release aldosterone which stimulates reabsorption of water and salt at the kidneys
cons syndrome
hyperaldosteronism
Addisons disease
personality change cardiac insufficiency and hypotension adrenal atrophy diarrhoea and abode pain adrenal cortisol insuffiecny
Cushing syndrome
increased hair and thinning of scalp hair moon face cardiac hypertrophy hypertension adrenal hyperplasia buffalo hump striae of birth obese easy brushing diabetes glucocortid excess - disease ACTH - p adenoma
pancreas exocrine secretion , what cells release pancreatic juice
acinar cells into pancreatic ducts and duodenum
endocrine secretions from what cells in pancreas
islets of langerhans glucagon - A cells insulin - B cells somatostatin - D cells pancreatic polypeptide - F cells
what do the ovaries release
oestrogen and progesterone
what to the testis release
testosterone and inhibin
If painful goitre what is most common problem
de-quervain
beta blockers can treat what hyperthyroidism disease
graves disease
a 72yr old female with chronic kidney disease pain pain in her thighs - raised PTH and ALP and low calcium - what is mostly likely diagnosis
secondary hyperparathyroidism
in primary hyperparathyridsim what kind you find - normally due to extra tissue so either adenoma or hyperplasia
high calcium, ALP( shows bone distruction) , PTH
low Phosphate - kidneys overstimulated ]
management is parathyroidectomy
in secondary hyperparathyroidism normally due to chronic kidney disease so can’t reach level of calcium so no negative feedback back to parathyroid gland and fit d defacing
patients will present with fractures, cortical thinning and salt and pepper skill
normal low calcium
normal to high phosphate, ALP and PTH
in tertiary hyperparathyroidism what are the lab findings
High calcium phosphate ALP and PTH
a 37yr man weight gain and purple marks on abdomen , long term user for bodybuilding
described as lemon on a stick appearance - most likely diagnosis
cushings syndrome
aldosterone - promoted by angiotensin II what function
DCT - promote sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion
adrenal insufficiency or Addison’s diseases autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex - what are clinical features
weft loss hyperpigmentatino hypotension fatigue loss of libido salt and sugar craving
low morning cortisol - low sodium and high potassium
how to treat adhesions
hydrocortisone ( glucocorticoid and fludrocortisone)
Cushing syndrome - due to long term steroid use where as Cushing disease is a pituitary adenoma - what are the clinical features of cushign syndrome
hirsutism purple abdominal striae insulin resistance moon face buffalo hump
primary hyperaldosteronism is also known as what
conns disease - overproduction of aldosterone due to hyperplasia and adrenal adenoma
what are the clinical features of conns syndrome
treatment resistant hypertension and hypokalaemia and hypernatraemia
pheochromocytoma is a catecholamine secreting tumour in the adrenal medulla which presents with episodic hypertension , throbbing headache and palpitations - what can treat this
alpha and beta blockers
difference between gigantism and acromegaly
gigantism presents with tall statue and increased growth of distal limbs
