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endocrine and reproductive system > overview of major endocrine glands and their specialised cells > Flashcards

overview of major endocrine glands and their specialised cells Flashcards

1
Q

what is Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Cushing syndrome is abnormal high level of cortisol secreted

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2
Q

what hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex

A

Aldosterone
Cortisol
5-DHEA

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3
Q

common symptoms of hyperthyroidism

A 
High levels of energy 
Diarrhoea 
Heat intolerance 
Tremour 
Weight loss
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4
Q

endocrine gland

A

releases chemical messengers directly into circulating system regulating distant target organs

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5
Q

exocrine glands

A

secrete hormones to the outside of the body via a duct such as salivary or sweat glands

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6
Q

Graves disease

Sx

A

immune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism ( symptoms of this can be tremours of the hands and opthalmoalegia

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7
Q

Hashimoto thyroiditis

A

autoimmune creates antibodies to destroy leading to hypo

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8
Q

what is a goitre

A

non inflammatory enlargement normally due to an iodine deficiency

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9
Q

what gland sits in the hypophyseal fossa of the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone ?

A

Pituitary gland

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10
Q

where does the pituitary gland sit

A

hypophyseal fossa of the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

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11
Q

what connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary

A

infundibulum

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12
Q

what 2 hormones are released by the poster pituitary

A

oxytocin

ADH

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13
Q

what are the 5 main types hormones released by the anterior pituitary

A 
THYROTROPHS TSH 
gonadotrophs FSH,LH 
corticotrophin ACTH,MSH 
lactotrophs PRL 
somatotrohps GH
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14
Q

central diabetes insipidus caused by deficiency of what

A

vasopressin

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15
Q

hypothyroidism caused by

A

deficiency of TSH

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16
Q

hyperpituitarism

A

hyper secretion of the hormones produced by pituitary

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17
Q

panhypopituitarism

A

decreased secretion of most

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18
Q

can pituitary tumours and adenomas releases hormones

A

yes

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19
Q

what sinus does the pituitary gland sit

A

Cavernous sinus

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20
Q

Where can you find the thyroid gland

A

Anterior level of C5-T1 of trachea

isthmus lies antihero and connects two sides.

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21
Q

sternoclaidomastoid muscle

A

turn the neck

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22
Q

what artery supplies the thyroid gland

A

superior thyroid artery from external carotid from common carotid

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23
Q

thyroid glands consist of follicular cells what do they release

A

T3,T4

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24
Q

parafollicular cells are found on the outside of follicular cells - what do they release

A

Calcitonin

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25
Q

Hypothyroidism symptoms

A 
Goitre 
bradycardia 
menorrhagia 
constipation 
weight gain 
sensitivity to the cold 
lethargy 
carpal tunnel syndrome
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26
Q

Hyperthyroidism symptoms

A 
Goitre 
tachycardia 
angina 
atrial fibrillation - only heart stuff here 
hypertension 
oligomenorrhoea 
diarhoea 
sweaty warm hands 
weight loss 
heat intolerance 
tremor 
anxiety 
Exoptithalmos
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27
Q

what are the three Paris of veins that drain the thyroid

A

sup thyroid viens- to IJV then internal jug
middle TV - parallel to inferior arteries then to IJV
inf TV- bradiocpehalic

28
Q

does the thyroid drain to the deep cervical nodes then brachiocephalic and then thoracic duct ?

A

yes

29
Q

nerves that control thyroid

A

sup, middle,inf - vasomotor control

30
Q

what nerve can be injured during a thyroidectomy

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve

31
Q

what cells secrete PTh

A

chief cells

sup and inf glands o posterior thyroid

32
Q

what do oxyphil cells secrete

A

PTH in cancer ?

33
Q

what supplies parathyroid gland

A

inferior thyroid arteries
veins drain into thyroid plexus
cervical and paratracheal nodes for lymph

34
Q

primary hyperparathyroidism

A

could be due to parathyroid adenoma - symptoms are bones groans and stone increase PTH and ALP and serum calcium but lowers phosphate

35
Q

secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

physiological secretion in response to hypocalcemua - vit d feicinecy
PTH and ALP up
Phosphate up
Serum calcium low

36
Q

Venous drainage of the adrenal glands

A

left - suprarenal - renal vein

right - IVC

37
Q

what are the three part of the cortex

A

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis

38
Q

what activates the adrenal glands from the pituitary

A

ACTH

39
Q

function of zona glomerulosa

A

mineralocorticoids like aldosterone - kidney retain water and sodium

40
Q

zona fasciculata function

A

glucocorticoids such as cortisol - enhances glucagon and catecholamine and metabolism

41
Q

zona reticularis function

A

makes androgens such as DHEA

42
Q

in the adrenal medulla the chromaffin cells secrete what

A

catecholamines such as adrenaline and noradrenaline

43
Q

what does angiotensin 2 do

A

acts on blood vessels causing vasoconstriction

or on adrenal gland to release aldosterone which stimulates reabsorption of water and salt at the kidneys

44
Q

cons syndrome

A

hyperaldosteronism

45
Q

Addisons disease

A 
personality change 
cardiac insufficiency and hypotension 
adrenal atrophy 
diarrhoea and abode pain 
adrenal cortisol insuffiecny
46
Q

Cushing syndrome

A 
increased hair and thinning of scalp hair 
moon face 
cardiac hypertrophy 
hypertension 
adrenal hyperplasia 
buffalo hump 
striae of birth obese 
easy brushing 
diabetes
glucocortid excess - disease ACTH - p adenoma
47
Q

pancreas exocrine secretion , what cells release pancreatic juice

A

acinar cells into pancreatic ducts and duodenum

48
Q

endocrine secretions from what cells in pancreas

A 
islets of langerhans 
glucagon - A cells 
insulin - B cells 
somatostatin - D cells 
pancreatic polypeptide - F cells
49
Q

what do the ovaries release

A

oestrogen and progesterone

50
Q

what to the testis release

A

testosterone and inhibin

51
Q

If painful goitre what is most common problem

A

de-quervain

52
Q

beta blockers can treat what hyperthyroidism disease

A

graves disease

53
Q

a 72yr old female with chronic kidney disease pain pain in her thighs - raised PTH and ALP and low calcium - what is mostly likely diagnosis

A

secondary hyperparathyroidism

54
Q

in primary hyperparathyridsim what kind you find - normally due to extra tissue so either adenoma or hyperplasia

A

high calcium, ALP( shows bone distruction) , PTH
low Phosphate - kidneys overstimulated ]

management is parathyroidectomy

55
Q

in secondary hyperparathyroidism normally due to chronic kidney disease so can’t reach level of calcium so no negative feedback back to parathyroid gland and fit d defacing
patients will present with fractures, cortical thinning and salt and pepper skill

A

normal low calcium

normal to high phosphate, ALP and PTH

56
Q

in tertiary hyperparathyroidism what are the lab findings

A

High calcium phosphate ALP and PTH

57
Q

a 37yr man weight gain and purple marks on abdomen , long term user for bodybuilding
described as lemon on a stick appearance - most likely diagnosis

A

cushings syndrome

58
Q

aldosterone - promoted by angiotensin II what function

A

DCT - promote sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion

59
Q

adrenal insufficiency or Addison’s diseases autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex - what are clinical features

A 
weft loss 
hyperpigmentatino 
hypotension 
fatigue 
loss of libido 
salt and sugar craving

low morning cortisol - low sodium and high potassium

60
Q

how to treat adhesions

A

hydrocortisone ( glucocorticoid and fludrocortisone)

61
Q

Cushing syndrome - due to long term steroid use where as Cushing disease is a pituitary adenoma - what are the clinical features of cushign syndrome

A 
hirsutism 
purple abdominal striae 
insulin resistance 
moon face 
buffalo hump
62
Q

primary hyperaldosteronism is also known as what

A

conns disease - overproduction of aldosterone due to hyperplasia and adrenal adenoma

63
Q

what are the clinical features of conns syndrome

A

treatment resistant hypertension and hypokalaemia and hypernatraemia

64
Q

pheochromocytoma is a catecholamine secreting tumour in the adrenal medulla which presents with episodic hypertension , throbbing headache and palpitations - what can treat this

A

alpha and beta blockers

65
Q

difference between gigantism and acromegaly

A

gigantism presents with tall statue and increased growth of distal limbs

endocrine and reproductive system (21 decks)

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