physiology of the male reproductive system

Question 1

function of testes

Answer 1

make testosterone and sperm

Question 2

epididymis function

Answer 2

transport sperm from testes to vas deferenens - maturation of sperm

Question 3

ductus deferenes fucntion

Answer 3

muscular tube travels from epididymis to pelvic cavity - mature sperm to urethra fro ejaculation
lined by cilated epithelium

Question 4

corpus spongeosum function

Answer 4

surround urethra and open it for ejaculation - contain blood vessels

Question 5

corpus cavernosum function

Answer 5

contains blood vessels fro erection

Question 6

seminal gland function

Answer 6

produce constituent ingredient of semen

Question 7

urethra

Answer 7

tube where urine and sperm pass

Question 8

what is the function of Sertoli cells

Answer 8

nourish developing sperm cells and act as phagocytes consuming residual cytoplasm during spermatogenesis

Question 9

in the testes where is sperm made

Answer 9

seminiferous tubules

Question 10

what does the basal lamina around the seminiferous tubules provide

Answer 10

structural integrity

Question 11

what cells found between the seminiferous tubules also called interstitial cells

Answer 11

leydig cells

Question 12

Sertoli cells function

Answer 12

support sperm production

Question 13

leydig cells function

Answer 13

produce testosterone

Question 14

what is HPG axis

Answer 14

hypothalamus pituitary gonadal axis - as a system

Question 15

what releases Gonadotrophin relating hormone

Answer 15

hypothalamus

Question 16

activated by GnRH what does the pituitary release

Answer 16

FSH

LH

Question 17

what does FSH stimulate

Answer 17

Sertoli cells

Question 18

what does lh stimulate

Answer 18

leydig cells

Question 19

what two things does Sertoli cells need to make ABP

Answer 19

testosterone and FSH stimulation

Androgen binding protein and testosterone combine to promote sperm production

Question 20

what periphery effect does testosterone have

Answer 20

maintain libido
muscle and bone growth
secondary sexy characteristics
accessory gland maintenance

Question 21

what type of feedback regulates testosterone

Answer 21

negative feedback

too much stop higher supply and inhibit GnRH and LH and FSH

Question 22

what other hormone do Sertoli cell release that acts on pituitary to inhibit FSH

Answer 22

inhibin

Question 23

spermatogenesis

Answer 23

production of mature spermatozoa

Question 24

spermatocytogenesis

Answer 24

1st stage of Spermatogenesis

germ cell undergoes cell division to become immature spem/spermatid

Question 25

spermiogenesis

Answer 25

2nd stage | maturation of immature sperm to mature sperm

Question 26

two types of spermatogonia

Answer 26

A | B

Question 27

What is the function of type A spermatogonia

Answer 27

replenish pool of spermatogonium - this is why males are fertile throughout adult life

Question 28

function of type 2 spermatogonia

Answer 28

spermatogenesis - 70 days

Question 29

spermiogenesis

Answer 29

remodelling and differentiation into mature sperm

Question 30

4 stages of spermiogenesis

Answer 30

Golgi phase - Golgi body enzymes form acrosome acrosomal phase - acrosome condense around nucleus tail phase - centrioles elongate to form tail maturation phase - loss of excess cytoplasm - aerodynamic

Question 31

spermiation

Answer 31

process by which mature sperm are released from sertoli

Question 32

how are sperm moved to epididymis

Answer 32

peristlallic contraction and sertoli testicular fluid

Question 33

capacitation

Answer 33

process of making sperm fertile

Question 34

what enzyme helps capacitation - produce in prostate gland

Answer 34

FPP- in seminal fluid

Question 35

what female hormone produced in female repoT helps capacitation

Answer 35

heparin

Question 36

do high levels of FPP prevent capacitation in male RT

Answer 36

yes - but after ejac the conc of FPP drops and female RT promotes capacitation

Question 37

3 adaptations of the vagina that give best chance to sperm

Answer 37

cervix only penetrable at certain times of month - watery cervical mucus oestrogen levels high crypts in vag ( folds of epithelial cells) create a reservoir for spermatozoa - release sperm over several hours increasing chance

Question 38

what is hypogonadism

Answer 38

diminished functional activity of the gonads ( testes and ovaries) result diminished production of sex hormones testicular disease disease of CNS of pituitary or hypothalamus

Question 39

what is hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism

Answer 39

issue with the testes or ovaries because testosterone isn't secreted so levels are low so sends signal to increase so GnRH if high but testes aren't fucnting so low testosterone still FSH ADN LH would be high

Question 40

hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism

Answer 40

low testosterone as low GnRH as problem with either hypothalamus and pituitary

Question 41

what two things can cause a blockage in the spermatic cord

Answer 41

trauma - rugby | infection - chlamydia

Question 42

what is hypospadias

Answer 42

opening of the urethra is on the underside of the pens instead of tip

Question 43

function of prolactin in what it inhibits

Answer 43

high levels inhibits testosterone and associated with reduced libido and sexual dysfunction( unable to sustain erection)

Question 44

So if someone has high FSH and LH (gonadotrophs) and low testosterone. wheres the problem?

Answer 44

Testes - therefore Hypergondaotrophic hypogonadism. Would indicate issue with testicle – trauma, infection, CF, testicular failure Why would FSH and LH be elevated? Negative feedback Note - testosterone levels could be normal-low – it takes time for testosterone to fall

Question 45

someone has Low FSH, LH Low Testosterone what is the problem

Answer 45

HYPOgonadotrophic hypogonadism issue with hypothalamus or pituitary Would indicate issue with either hypothalamus or pituitary gland: – Congenital (Kallmann syndrome (KS) and idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) - Acquired (drugs, alcohol abuse, infectious lesions etc)

Question 46

36 year old male presents to fertility clinic. He and his partner have been trying to conceive for several years but have been unsuccessful. He reports feeling disinterested about sex and often experiences erectile dysfunction. He also mentions experiencing headaches over the past six months which are refractory to treatment. Examination is normal High Prolactin Low testosterone Low LH, FSH

Answer 46

Hypersecretion of prolactin (pituitary tumours, drug induced) Leads to inhibition of GnRH – reduces LH, FSH – leading to low testosterone – leads to erectile dysfunction and low libido Hyperprolactinemia is very rare

Question 47

what is prolactinoma and what is the knock on effect

Answer 47

So if someone has a prolactinoma, that is a tumour in the pituitary that secretes prolactin. Prolactin has a negative feedback effect on the hypothalamus so it decreases the amount of GnRH released which decreases the amount of LH and FSH and decreases the testosterone.

Question 48

what is a vasectomy

Answer 48

stops sperm getting into semen - vas deferens blocked or cut - 3 months then sperm won't be In semen