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Endocrine and Reproductive system > Principles of endocrine control > Flashcards

Principles of endocrine control Flashcards

1
Q

what is endocrinology

A

study of hormones

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2
Q

what is secretion

A

the biochemical release from a particular type of cell upon stimulation

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3
Q

endocrine gland

A

secretions enter the bloodstream - ductless gland

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4
Q

exocrine

A

glands with ducts that channels its secretion ( secretes all enzymes that break down all proteins and lipids

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5
Q

what is an autocrine gland

A

secretion acts on the cell that secreted it- hormonal or chemical
( GF secrete from cancer cells such as VEGF and IL-1)

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6
Q

Paracrine gland

A

localised action when chemical secreted locally and affects another cell in that tissue such as histamines

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7
Q

what are neurohormones

and example

A

Neurohormones: hormones secreted by hypothalamus and pituitary, example vasopressin

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8
Q

what are hormones

A

is a chemical messenger secreted into blood by endocrine glnds in reposne to an appropriate signal and exerting their effects on target cells that have receptors that bind witht the hormone

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9
Q

how do we classify hormones

A

Based on their solubility
Hydrophilic or water soluble
Lipophilic or lipid soluble
Based on their structure
Peptides - chain of aa
Amines - derviateves of aa, tryptophan or tyrosine - catecholamines, indoleamines and thyroid hormone - can be lipid or water soluble
Steroids - cholesterol derived lipids eg. testosterone - always lipid soluble

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10
Q

where do peptides bind to cells

A

Travel in blood in solution
Cannot enter cells - lipid bilayer cell membrane
Bind to cell surface receptor
Trigger event on inside surface of membrane - second messenger system
Fast acting

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11
Q

how do steroids bind to cells

A

Travel in blood bound to plasma proteins
Enter cells easily
Intracellular receptor
Act on DNA to alter cell function
Slow acting - transcription delay - aware when treating someone with steroid hormone as slow adcting

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12
Q

how are steroids made

A

Produced by modification of cholesterol molecule by enzymes

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13
Q

peptide hormone signal transduction used what type of receptor and second messenger

A

g protein and coverts ATP into cAMP which further tenets leading to cell response such as phorpylating proteins

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14
Q

adrenaline , noradrenlaine , glucagon . FSH and LH , TSh calcitonin PTH and ADH all are G protein coupled receptor complexes what is their second messenger

A

Cyclic AMP

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15
Q

Atrial nature tic hormone and NO are G protein what second messenger do they use

A

Cyclic GMP

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16
Q

what second messenger does insulin use

A 
protein kinase ( tyrosine kinase apthway ) 
prolactin and GH use protein kinase JAK pathway)
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17
Q

name some human endocrine organs

A 
Hypothalamus CNS
pituitary CNS
thyroid 
paarathyroid 
DRENAL CORTEX AND MEDULLA \KIDNEY 
STOMACH 
pacretatic islets 
duodenum and ovary and testes
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18
Q

regulatory role of endocrine system

A

Metabolism
stress
Growth and development
coordination

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19
Q

how does the hypothalamus connect to the pituitary

A

pituitary stalk

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20
Q

What hormones are stored in posterior pituitary

A

ADH

oxytocin

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21
Q 
CRH 
TRH 
somatostain 
GnRH 
GhRH 
PRH 
dopamine 
produced by what
A

Hypothalamus

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22
Q 
GH 
TSH 
ACTH 
LH 
FSH 
produced by what 
prolactin
A

Anterior pituitary

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23
Q

what are the roles of the posterior pituitary

A

regulation of overall water balance
uterine contraction
ejection of milk

24
Q

function of oxytocin

A

contractions of the womb
increases production of prostaglandins increasing contraction further - PGF2alpha
maybe ejection of milk too
romantic and bonding

25
Q

ACTH stimulates what

A

adrenal gland - to produce adrenocorticosteriods

26
Q

Prolactin stimulates what

A

the breasts

- milk production and development of mammary glands

27
Q

Where does GH stimulate

A

bone

28
Q

HPG axis pathway ultimately produces what

A

testosterone and oestrogen

29
Q

HPT axis controls what hormone

A

thyroid hormone

30
Q

HPA axis controls what hormone

A

cortisol of adrenal cortex

31
Q

masculinities the reproductive tract and external genitalia
promotes growth and maturation of reproductive system at puberty
spermatogenesis
develops sex drive
secondary sexual characteristics
are the functions of what hormone

A

Testosterone

32
Q

what do leydig cells produce

A

testosterone

33
Q

what do Sertoli cells stimulate from addition of testosterone

A

spermatogenesis

34
Q

does puberty cause a positive or negative feedback to the hypothalamus/pituitary

A

positive

35
Q

what cell secrets inhibin

A

sertoli cells

36
Q

function of inhibin

A

controls production of FSH by Apituitary by negative feedback

37
Q

what hormone stimulates leydig cells

A

LH

38
Q

what stimulates Sertoli cells

A

FSH and testosterone

39
Q

Does testosterone have a native feedback

A

yes - common feature of HPG glands

40
Q

Mr Smith is suffering from hypogonadism (lack of production of testosterone) due to testicular dysfunction. His blood test shows lower testosterone levels than normal. What would you expect the levels of FSH and LH hormones to be in the blood sample?

A

Increased

41
Q

what hormones do ovaries produce

A

oestrogen and progesterone

42
Q

Maturation and maintenance of reproductive system
Female secondary sexual characteristics
Ova maturation and release
Transport of sperm to the site of fertilization
Preparing the uterus for developments o f embryo and foetus
Contributing to the breast ability to produce milk

function of what hormones

A

oestrogen and progesterone

43
Q

Control metabolic rate
Increases heart rate
Needed for normal growth and development

function of what hormone

A

Thyroid

44
Q

What does thyroid gland release

A

Triiodothyronine T3

Thyroxine T4

45
Q

function of PTH

A

calcium metabolism - raises Ca2+
reduce urine loss
increase gut absorption

46
Q

if circulating volume of BP to low what is released by kidneys

A

renin

47
Q

what hormone is released to increase RBC production in bones during hypoxia

A

EPO

48
Q

what are body sodium levels controlled by

A

Cortisol (promotes absorption)

49
Q

what does the adrenal medulla release

A

Catecholamines such as adrenaline and noradrenaline

50
Q

insulin function

A

secreted by B cells of langerhnads - reduce blood glucose

51
Q

glucagon function

A

increase glucose conc

52
Q

function of somatostatin

A

inhibits absorption of nutrients

53
Q

Gherlin and Gastrin are hormones in the stomach what do they do

A

stimulate apetite

stimulate HCL production

54
Q

Secretin and CCk in the small intestine do what

A

coordination of digestive functions

55
Q

is adipose tissue and endocrine gland

A

yes

Endocrine and Reproductive system (21 decks)

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