Principles of endocrine control Flashcards by HARRY RICHARDSON

what is endocrinology

study of hormones

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what is secretion

the biochemical release from a particular type of cell upon stimulation

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endocrine gland

secretions enter the bloodstream - ductless gland

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exocrine

glands with ducts that channels its secretion ( secretes all enzymes that break down all proteins and lipids

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what is an autocrine gland

secretion acts on the cell that secreted it- hormonal or chemical
( GF secrete from cancer cells such as VEGF and IL-1)

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Paracrine gland

localised action when chemical secreted locally and affects another cell in that tissue such as histamines

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what are neurohormones

and example

Neurohormones: hormones secreted by hypothalamus and pituitary, example vasopressin

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what are hormones

is a chemical messenger secreted into blood by endocrine glnds in reposne to an appropriate signal and exerting their effects on target cells that have receptors that bind witht the hormone

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how do we classify hormones

Based on their solubility
Hydrophilic or water soluble
Lipophilic or lipid soluble
Based on their structure
Peptides - chain of aa
Amines - derviateves of aa, tryptophan or tyrosine - catecholamines, indoleamines and thyroid hormone - can be lipid or water soluble
Steroids - cholesterol derived lipids eg. testosterone - always lipid soluble

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where do peptides bind to cells

Travel in blood in solution
Cannot enter cells - lipid bilayer cell membrane
Bind to cell surface receptor
Trigger event on inside surface of membrane - second messenger system
Fast acting

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how do steroids bind to cells

Travel in blood bound to plasma proteins
Enter cells easily
Intracellular receptor
Act on DNA to alter cell function
Slow acting - transcription delay - aware when treating someone with steroid hormone as slow adcting

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how are steroids made

Produced by modification of cholesterol molecule by enzymes

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peptide hormone signal transduction used what type of receptor and second messenger

g protein and coverts ATP into cAMP which further tenets leading to cell response such as phorpylating proteins

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adrenaline , noradrenlaine , glucagon . FSH and LH , TSh calcitonin PTH and ADH all are G protein coupled receptor complexes what is their second messenger

Cyclic AMP

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Atrial nature tic hormone and NO are G protein what second messenger do they use

Cyclic GMP

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what second messenger does insulin use

protein kinase ( tyrosine kinase apthway ) 
prolactin and GH use protein kinase JAK pathway)

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name some human endocrine organs

Hypothalamus CNS
pituitary CNS
thyroid 
paarathyroid 
DRENAL CORTEX AND MEDULLA \KIDNEY 
STOMACH 
pacretatic islets 
duodenum and ovary and testes

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regulatory role of endocrine system

Metabolism
stress
Growth and development
coordination

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how does the hypothalamus connect to the pituitary

pituitary stalk

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What hormones are stored in posterior pituitary

ADH

oxytocin

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CRH 
TRH 
somatostain 
GnRH 
GhRH 
PRH 
dopamine 
produced by what

Hypothalamus

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GH 
TSH 
ACTH 
LH 
FSH 
produced by what 
prolactin

Anterior pituitary

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what are the roles of the posterior pituitary

regulation of overall water balance
uterine contraction
ejection of milk

function of oxytocin

contractions of the womb
increases production of prostaglandins increasing contraction further - PGF2alpha
maybe ejection of milk too
romantic and bonding

ACTH stimulates what

adrenal gland - to produce adrenocorticosteriods

Prolactin stimulates what

the breasts | - milk production and development of mammary glands

Where does GH stimulate

bone

HPG axis pathway ultimately produces what

testosterone and oestrogen

HPT axis controls what hormone

thyroid hormone

HPA axis controls what hormone

cortisol of adrenal cortex

masculinities the reproductive tract and external genitalia promotes growth and maturation of reproductive system at puberty spermatogenesis develops sex drive secondary sexual characteristics are the functions of what hormone

Testosterone

what do leydig cells produce

testosterone

what do Sertoli cells stimulate from addition of testosterone

spermatogenesis

does puberty cause a positive or negative feedback to the hypothalamus/pituitary

positive

what cell secrets inhibin

sertoli cells

function of inhibin

controls production of FSH by Apituitary by negative feedback

what hormone stimulates leydig cells

what stimulates Sertoli cells

FSH and testosterone

Does testosterone have a native feedback

yes - common feature of HPG glands

Mr Smith is suffering from hypogonadism (lack of production of testosterone) due to testicular dysfunction. His blood test shows lower testosterone levels than normal. What would you expect the levels of FSH and LH hormones to be in the blood sample?

Increased

what hormones do ovaries produce

oestrogen and progesterone

Maturation and maintenance of reproductive system Female secondary sexual characteristics Ova maturation and release Transport of sperm to the site of fertilization Preparing the uterus for developments o f embryo and foetus Contributing to the breast ability to produce milk function of what hormones

oestrogen and progesterone

Control metabolic rate Increases heart rate Needed for normal growth and development function of what hormone

Thyroid

What does thyroid gland release

Triiodothyronine T3 | Thyroxine T4

function of PTH

calcium metabolism - raises Ca2+ reduce urine loss increase gut absorption

if circulating volume of BP to low what is released by kidneys

renin

what hormone is released to increase RBC production in bones during hypoxia

EPO

what are body sodium levels controlled by

Cortisol (promotes absorption)

what does the adrenal medulla release

Catecholamines such as adrenaline and noradrenaline

insulin function

secreted by B cells of langerhnads - reduce blood glucose

glucagon function

increase glucose conc

function of somatostatin

inhibits absorption of nutrients

Gherlin and Gastrin are hormones in the stomach what do they do

stimulate apetite | stimulate HCL production

Secretin and CCk in the small intestine do what

coordination of digestive functions

is adipose tissue and endocrine gland

yes