Physiological changes during pregnancy Flashcards
Varicose veins Anaemia Flushed and hot Swollen ankles Heartburn Pelvic pain Breast enlargement Morning sickness breathless Urinary infection Urinary frequency Glucose in urine Constipation are all changes that can occur in what
pregnancy
what are these examples of Sodium ion influx in ap Platelet activation in blood clotting Prolactin secretion in breastfeeding Oxytocin secretion in labour Estrogen secretion by follicle to trigger ovulation
positive feedback
does FSH stimulate growth of developing follicle
yes
what colour is corpus luteum
white
in the luteal phase what does CL produce to prepare the uterus to hold an egg
progesterone
when a sperm and oocyte meet what do they form
and what hormone does it produce
blastocyst - stem cells and produces HCG to support CL so progesterone maintained and uterus maintained
when does the placenta take over from CL in secreting progesterone
12 weeks
function of HCG
supports CL in producing progesterone and oestrogen for 12 weeks
what hormone used in pregnancy test
HCG
human chorionic gonadotrophin
what hormone causes morning sickness
HCG
ectopic pregnancy
fertilised egg implants itself outside of the womb usually in Fallopian tubes - it won’t develop
what levels of HCG will be observed during an ectopic pregnancy
Low levels due to pregnancy ending
Trophoblastic tumours do what
naturally secrete HCG - tumour marker
Pineal tumours can cause release of HCG what else do they cause build up of
CSf on area of the brain and the excess fluid increase the pressure - hydrocephalus
what is a miscarriage
spontaneous loss of pregnancy
progesterone could fall
symptoms of an ectopic pregnancy
tummy pain
vaginal bleeding - brown watery discharge
pain in tip of shoulder
usually 6-8 weeks after missing a period
4 placental hormones
oestrogen
progesterone
HCG
human placental lactose - feed growing baby , breaks down fat
what is the function of progesterone produced by the placenta
Smooth muscle relaxation - prevents fetal expulsion - also relaxes other smooth muscles in the body ie blood vessels , GIT , ureters and bronchi
Cervical plug formation - microbial barrier
Breast
Lobular tissue development - but inhibits milk production
can pregnancy have an affect on pre-existing condition such as asthma - being relaxed as opens up due to progesterone
yes
functions of oestrogen
Uterus
Myometrial cell growth - fro growing foetus
Connexin insertion - electrochecial link between myometrial cells
Oxytocin receptor insertion - prepares for labour
PGE2 production stimulated -softens cervix
Breast
Breast duct development - but inhibits milk production
what is the base product of all hormones
cholesterol
Placenta has an indirect role in its production via corticotropin releasing hormone CRH
in HPA corticotrophin releasing hormone is released by Hypothalamus to AP which release corticotropin to affect the adrenal cortex to release what
cortisol
describe pathway of oestrogen synthesis in pregnancy - involves the maternal fatal and placental contributions
CRH - to foetus release corticotrophin to adrenal cortex and releases cortisol to lung maturation but release DHEA which makes oestrogen in placenta which support preg
CRH goes to mothers AP
release of corticotrophin to adrenal cortex to release cortisol again which helps with lung maturation in foetus
what produces semen
seminal and prostate glands
Cortisol production by the fetus (and mother?) promotes fetal lung maturity by stimulating surfactant production.
true or false
true
a sudden surge in CRH is thought to act as a trigger for what
onset of labour
function of what hormone
Maternal
Insulin resistance - decreases glucose utilization adn increases blood glucose
Lipid breakdown - FFa production
Breast development - mechanism/ extent unsure
Fetal
Promoters growth - more glucose available and increases from mother
Human placental lactogen - AKA human chorionic somatomammotropin
why do you need folate in pregnancy
prevents neural tube brith defects - spina bifida and acromegaly
what is spina bifida
condition that affects spine - gap in spine
CO=
CO=SVxHR
BP=
BP=COxSVR
what respiratory changes occur during pregnancy
Tidal vol increase
respiratory rate unchanged
airway resistance decrease
what hormone increases sensitivty to CO2
progesterone
can glucose be detected in urine during pregnancy
yes - not absorbing as preg but could be diabetes
what is nephrotic syndrome
protein in urine
Aldosterone (and R-A) is activated because without it there would be too great a loss of sodium in the urine.
A fall in plasma osmolarity would normally trigger a rise in water excretion, but his does not happen because of changes in osmoregulation.
The result is retention of sodium and water, with loss into the interstitium, commonly seen as what
swollen ankles
typical weight gain during pregnancy
12-16kg
what GIT changes occur in pregnancy
Slower transit
Nutrient absorption increased
Oesophageal reflux
Heartburn and constipation
What breast changes occur in pregnancy
oestrogen stimulate mammary duct development
progestogen stimulates lobular tissue development
prolactin would normally stimulate milk production but during pregnancy progesterone inhibits the action of prolactin to stimulate milk production
breast feeding after pregnancy what do prolactin and oxytocin do
prolactin simulates milk production
oxytocin stimulates milk ejection
inhibition of prolactin by oestrogen and progesterone ceases after delivery allowing lactation
what hormone During pregnancy suppress ovulation breast tissue development Post delivery milk production and is release from anterior pituitary
prolactin
