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Endocrine and Reproductive system > Physiological changes during pregnancy > Flashcards

Physiological changes during pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q 
Varicose veins 
Anaemia 
Flushed and hot 
Swollen ankles 
Heartburn 
Pelvic pain 
Breast enlargement 
Morning sickness breathless 
Urinary infection 
Urinary frequency 
Glucose in urine 
Constipation 
are all changes that can occur in what
A

pregnancy

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2
Q 
what are these examples of 
Sodium ion influx in ap 
Platelet activation in blood clotting 
Prolactin secretion in breastfeeding 
Oxytocin secretion in labour 
Estrogen secretion by follicle to trigger ovulation
A

positive feedback

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3
Q

does FSH stimulate growth of developing follicle

A

yes

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4
Q

what colour is corpus luteum

A

white

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5
Q

in the luteal phase what does CL produce to prepare the uterus to hold an egg

A

progesterone

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6
Q

when a sperm and oocyte meet what do they form

and what hormone does it produce

A

blastocyst - stem cells and produces HCG to support CL so progesterone maintained and uterus maintained

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7
Q

when does the placenta take over from CL in secreting progesterone

A

12 weeks

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8
Q

function of HCG

A

supports CL in producing progesterone and oestrogen for 12 weeks

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9
Q

what hormone used in pregnancy test

A

HCG

human chorionic gonadotrophin

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10
Q

what hormone causes morning sickness

A

HCG

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11
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

fertilised egg implants itself outside of the womb usually in Fallopian tubes - it won’t develop

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12
Q

what levels of HCG will be observed during an ectopic pregnancy

A

Low levels due to pregnancy ending

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13
Q

Trophoblastic tumours do what

A

naturally secrete HCG - tumour marker

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14
Q

Pineal tumours can cause release of HCG what else do they cause build up of

A

CSf on area of the brain and the excess fluid increase the pressure - hydrocephalus

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15
Q

what is a miscarriage

A

spontaneous loss of pregnancy

progesterone could fall

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16
Q

symptoms of an ectopic pregnancy

A

tummy pain
vaginal bleeding - brown watery discharge
pain in tip of shoulder
usually 6-8 weeks after missing a period

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17
Q

4 placental hormones

A

oestrogen
progesterone
HCG
human placental lactose - feed growing baby , breaks down fat

18
Q

what is the function of progesterone produced by the placenta

A

Smooth muscle relaxation - prevents fetal expulsion - also relaxes other smooth muscles in the body ie blood vessels , GIT , ureters and bronchi
Cervical plug formation - microbial barrier

Breast
Lobular tissue development - but inhibits milk production

19
Q

can pregnancy have an affect on pre-existing condition such as asthma - being relaxed as opens up due to progesterone

A

yes

20
Q

functions of oestrogen

A

Uterus
Myometrial cell growth - fro growing foetus
Connexin insertion - electrochecial link between myometrial cells
Oxytocin receptor insertion - prepares for labour
PGE2 production stimulated -softens cervix

Breast
Breast duct development - but inhibits milk production

21
Q

what is the base product of all hormones

A

cholesterol

22
Q

Placenta has an indirect role in its production via corticotropin releasing hormone CRH
in HPA corticotrophin releasing hormone is released by Hypothalamus to AP which release corticotropin to affect the adrenal cortex to release what

A

cortisol

23
Q

describe pathway of oestrogen synthesis in pregnancy - involves the maternal fatal and placental contributions

A

CRH - to foetus release corticotrophin to adrenal cortex and releases cortisol to lung maturation but release DHEA which makes oestrogen in placenta which support preg
CRH goes to mothers AP
release of corticotrophin to adrenal cortex to release cortisol again which helps with lung maturation in foetus

24
Q

what produces semen

A

seminal and prostate glands

25
Q

Cortisol production by the fetus (and mother?) promotes fetal lung maturity by stimulating surfactant production.
true or false

A

true

26
Q

a sudden surge in CRH is thought to act as a trigger for what

A

onset of labour

27
Q

function of what hormone

Maternal
Insulin resistance - decreases glucose utilization adn increases blood glucose
Lipid breakdown - FFa production
Breast development - mechanism/ extent unsure
Fetal
Promoters growth - more glucose available and increases from mother

A

Human placental lactogen - AKA human chorionic somatomammotropin

28
Q

why do you need folate in pregnancy

A

prevents neural tube brith defects - spina bifida and acromegaly

29
Q

what is spina bifida

A

condition that affects spine - gap in spine

30
Q

CO=

A

CO=SVxHR

31
Q

BP=

A

BP=COxSVR

32
Q

what respiratory changes occur during pregnancy

A

Tidal vol increase
respiratory rate unchanged
airway resistance decrease

33
Q

what hormone increases sensitivty to CO2

A

progesterone

34
Q

can glucose be detected in urine during pregnancy

A

yes - not absorbing as preg but could be diabetes

35
Q

what is nephrotic syndrome

A

protein in urine

36
Q

Aldosterone (and R-A) is activated because without it there would be too great a loss of sodium in the urine.
A fall in plasma osmolarity would normally trigger a rise in water excretion, but his does not happen because of changes in osmoregulation.
The result is retention of sodium and water, with loss into the interstitium, commonly seen as what

A

swollen ankles

37
Q

typical weight gain during pregnancy

A

12-16kg

38
Q

what GIT changes occur in pregnancy

A

Slower transit
Nutrient absorption increased
Oesophageal reflux
Heartburn and constipation

39
Q

What breast changes occur in pregnancy

A

oestrogen stimulate mammary duct development
progestogen stimulates lobular tissue development

prolactin would normally stimulate milk production but during pregnancy progesterone inhibits the action of prolactin to stimulate milk production

40
Q

breast feeding after pregnancy what do prolactin and oxytocin do

A

prolactin simulates milk production
oxytocin stimulates milk ejection

inhibition of prolactin by oestrogen and progesterone ceases after delivery allowing lactation

41
Q 
what hormone 
During pregnancy suppress ovulation 
breast tissue development 
Post delivery 
milk production 
and is release from anterior pituitary
A

prolactin

Endocrine and Reproductive system (21 decks)

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