Physiological changes during pregnancy

Question 1

Varicose veins 
Anaemia 
Flushed and hot 
Swollen ankles 
Heartburn 
Pelvic pain 
Breast enlargement 
Morning sickness breathless 
Urinary infection 
Urinary frequency 
Glucose in urine 
Constipation 
are all changes that can occur in what

Answer 1

pregnancy

Question 2

what are these examples of 
Sodium ion influx in ap 
Platelet activation in blood clotting 
Prolactin secretion in breastfeeding 
Oxytocin secretion in labour 
Estrogen secretion by follicle to trigger ovulation

Answer 2

positive feedback

Question 3

does FSH stimulate growth of developing follicle

Answer 3

yes

Question 4

what colour is corpus luteum

Answer 4

white

Question 5

in the luteal phase what does CL produce to prepare the uterus to hold an egg

Answer 5

progesterone

Question 6

when a sperm and oocyte meet what do they form

and what hormone does it produce

Answer 6

blastocyst - stem cells and produces HCG to support CL so progesterone maintained and uterus maintained

Question 7

when does the placenta take over from CL in secreting progesterone

Answer 7

12 weeks

Question 8

function of HCG

Answer 8

supports CL in producing progesterone and oestrogen for 12 weeks

Question 9

what hormone used in pregnancy test

Answer 9

HCG

human chorionic gonadotrophin

Question 10

what hormone causes morning sickness

Answer 10

HCG

Question 11

ectopic pregnancy

Answer 11

fertilised egg implants itself outside of the womb usually in Fallopian tubes - it won’t develop

Question 12

what levels of HCG will be observed during an ectopic pregnancy

Answer 12

Low levels due to pregnancy ending

Question 13

Trophoblastic tumours do what

Answer 13

naturally secrete HCG - tumour marker

Question 14

Pineal tumours can cause release of HCG what else do they cause build up of

Answer 14

CSf on area of the brain and the excess fluid increase the pressure - hydrocephalus

Question 15

what is a miscarriage

Answer 15

spontaneous loss of pregnancy

progesterone could fall

Question 16

symptoms of an ectopic pregnancy

Answer 16

tummy pain
vaginal bleeding - brown watery discharge
pain in tip of shoulder
usually 6-8 weeks after missing a period

Question 17

4 placental hormones

Answer 17

oestrogen
progesterone
HCG
human placental lactose - feed growing baby , breaks down fat

Question 18

what is the function of progesterone produced by the placenta

Answer 18

Smooth muscle relaxation - prevents fetal expulsion - also relaxes other smooth muscles in the body ie blood vessels , GIT , ureters and bronchi
Cervical plug formation - microbial barrier

Breast
Lobular tissue development - but inhibits milk production

Question 19

can pregnancy have an affect on pre-existing condition such as asthma - being relaxed as opens up due to progesterone

Answer 19

yes

Question 20

functions of oestrogen

Answer 20

Uterus
Myometrial cell growth - fro growing foetus
Connexin insertion - electrochecial link between myometrial cells
Oxytocin receptor insertion - prepares for labour
PGE2 production stimulated -softens cervix

Breast
Breast duct development - but inhibits milk production

Question 21

what is the base product of all hormones

Answer 21

cholesterol

Question 22

Placenta has an indirect role in its production via corticotropin releasing hormone CRH
in HPA corticotrophin releasing hormone is released by Hypothalamus to AP which release corticotropin to affect the adrenal cortex to release what

Answer 22

cortisol

Question 23

describe pathway of oestrogen synthesis in pregnancy - involves the maternal fatal and placental contributions

Answer 23

CRH - to foetus release corticotrophin to adrenal cortex and releases cortisol to lung maturation but release DHEA which makes oestrogen in placenta which support preg
CRH goes to mothers AP
release of corticotrophin to adrenal cortex to release cortisol again which helps with lung maturation in foetus

Question 24

what produces semen

Answer 24

seminal and prostate glands

Question 25

Cortisol production by the fetus (and mother?) promotes fetal lung maturity by stimulating surfactant production. true or false

Answer 25

true

Question 26

a sudden surge in CRH is thought to act as a trigger for what

Answer 26

onset of labour

Question 27

function of what hormone Maternal Insulin resistance - decreases glucose utilization adn increases blood glucose Lipid breakdown - FFa production Breast development - mechanism/ extent unsure Fetal Promoters growth - more glucose available and increases from mother

Answer 27

Human placental lactogen - AKA human chorionic somatomammotropin

Question 28

why do you need folate in pregnancy

Answer 28

prevents neural tube brith defects - spina bifida and acromegaly

Question 29

what is spina bifida

Answer 29

condition that affects spine - gap in spine

Question 30

CO=

Answer 30

CO=SVxHR

Question 31

BP=

Answer 31

BP=COxSVR

Question 32

what respiratory changes occur during pregnancy

Answer 32

Tidal vol increase respiratory rate unchanged airway resistance decrease

Question 33

what hormone increases sensitivty to CO2

Answer 33

progesterone

Question 34

can glucose be detected in urine during pregnancy

Answer 34

yes - not absorbing as preg but could be diabetes

Question 35

what is nephrotic syndrome

Answer 35

protein in urine

Question 36

Aldosterone (and R-A) is activated because without it there would be too great a loss of sodium in the urine. A fall in plasma osmolarity would normally trigger a rise in water excretion, but his does not happen because of changes in osmoregulation. The result is retention of sodium and water, with loss into the interstitium, commonly seen as what

Answer 36

swollen ankles

Question 37

typical weight gain during pregnancy

Answer 37

12-16kg

Question 38

what GIT changes occur in pregnancy

Answer 38

Slower transit Nutrient absorption increased Oesophageal reflux Heartburn and constipation

Question 39

What breast changes occur in pregnancy

Answer 39

oestrogen stimulate mammary duct development progestogen stimulates lobular tissue development prolactin would normally stimulate milk production but during pregnancy progesterone inhibits the action of prolactin to stimulate milk production

Question 40

breast feeding after pregnancy what do prolactin and oxytocin do

Answer 40

prolactin simulates milk production oxytocin stimulates milk ejection inhibition of prolactin by oestrogen and progesterone ceases after delivery allowing lactation

Question 41

``` what hormone During pregnancy suppress ovulation breast tissue development Post delivery milk production and is release from anterior pituitary ```

Answer 41

prolactin