The Family (14)

Question 1

8 stages of the family cycle?

Answer 1

Evelyn Duvall, 1977
1. married couple
2. chilbearing family (from birth to 30 months)
3. family w/ preschool children (to 6 yo)
4. fam w/ school age children (oldest up to 12 yo)
5. fam w/ teenagers (13 to 20)
6. fam launching young adults (first to last child gone)
7. fam w/out children (empty nest to retirement)
8. aging family (to death)

Question 2

Parental acceptance-responsiveness?

Answer 2

Refers to the extent to which parents are warm, supportive, sensitive to their children’s needs, and willing to provide attention and praise when children meet their expectations.

Question 3

Demandingness-control?

Answer 3

Refers to how much control over decisions lies with the parents as opposed to with the child.

Question 4

Four basic patterns of childrearing?

Answer 4

1. Authoritarian
2. Authoritative
3. Permissive
4. Neglectful

Question 5

Family stress model?

Answer 5

Elder and Conger
negative effects of financial stressors on parents’ mental health, parenting and child development.

Question 6

Parent effect model?

Answer 6

Assumes that influences run one way from parent to child. It has faced criticism for oversimplifying the parent-child relationship and ignoring the child’s agency and contextual influences.

Question 7

Child effects model?

Answer 7

Highlights influences of children on parents

Question 8

Interactional model?

Answer 8

Improvement on other two models, recognises that parent and child characteristics may combine in certain ways to influence development.

Question 9

Transactional model?

Answer 9

Both parent and child effects are in action as parent and child influence one another reciprocally over time.

Question 10

Sibling influences on development?

Answer 10

• emotional support
• caregiving
• teaching
• social experience

Question 11

Parental imperative?

Answer 11

A concept suggesting that parenthood brings a shift in behaviour, where parents adopt more traditional gender roles to ensure the well-being and stability of their family.

Question 12

Allostatic load?

Answer 12

Refers to the cumulative “wear and tear” on the body that builds up over time due to chronic stress. When we face stress, our bodies activate physiological responses (like releasing stress hormones) to maintain balance, a process known as allostasis.

Question 13

Three major kinds of grandparenthood?

Answer 13

1. Remote
2. Companionate
3. Involved

Question 14

Middle generation squeeze?

Answer 14

The situation of middle aged adults pressured by demands from both the younger and older generations.

Question 15

Caregiver burden heaviest if:

Answer 15

• difficult to care for
• lack of personal resources
• lack of social support
• cultural norms do not strongly support caregiving

Question 16

Forms of family violence?

Answer 16

• intimate partner violence
• child maltreatment
• sibling violence
• child to parent violence
• parental alienation
• elder abuse