Developmental Psychopathology (15)

Question 1

Three broad criteria for diagnosis?

Answer 1

1. Statistical deviance
2. Maladaptiveness - interfere with adaptation OR danger to self or others?
3. Personal distress - anguish or discomfort?

Question 2

Medical model of psychopathology?

Answer 2

Psychological problems as disease-like entities that people either have or do not have at a point in time.

Question 3

Diathesis-Stress model of psychopathology?

Answer 3

Psychopathology results from the interaction of a vulnerability to psychological disorder and the experience of stressful events.

Question 4

Two defining features of ASD according to DSM-5

Answer 4

1. social and communication deficits
2. restricted and repetitive interests and behaviour

Question 5

Applied behaviour analysis?

Answer 5

Ivar Lovaar
Application of reinforcement principles to teach skills and change behaviour, to shape social and language skills in children with autism

Question 6

Externalising problems (child)

Answer 6

Lack of self control, acting out in ways that disturb other people and violate social expectations (decreases from age 4 to 18).

Question 7

Internalising problems

Answer 7

Negative emotions are internalised, bottled u, rather than externalised and expressed.

Question 8

Executive functions?

Answer 8

Higher level control functions based in the prefrontal cortex of the brain that are critical in self control.

Question 9

What seems to be at the root of inattention in ADHD?

Answer 9

Low levels or inefficient use of the neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine (communication among neurones in the frontal lobe).
Maybe delay in development of amygdala.

Question 10

Multipronged approach for ADHD treatment

Answer 10

• medication
• behavioural programming
• parent training
• interventions at school

Question 11

Cognitive behavioural therapy?

Answer 11

Identifies and changes distorted thoughts and the maladaptive emotions and behaviours that stem from them, especially effective.

Question 12

Neurocognitive disorder (dementia)?

Answer 12

Progressive deterioration of neural functioning associated with cognitive decline.

Question 13

Two signs of Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 13

1. Senile plaques: masses of dying neural material outside neurones with toxic protein called beta-amyloid at their core.
2. Neurofibrillary tangles: twisted strands of neural fibres and the protein tau within the bodies of neural cells.

Question 14

Vascular dementia

Answer 14

Series of minor strokes that cut off the blood flow to some parts of the brain, it progresses in a stagelike manner and is associated with lifestyle.

Question 15

Lewy body dementia

Answer 15

Caused by protein deposits called Lewy bodies in neurones. Fluctuations in cognitive functioning, visual hallucinations and often motor and balance problems.