Emotions, Attachment and Social Relationships (13)

Question 1

Emotion?

Answer 1

Complex phenomenon that involves a feeling, physiological arousal, behavior and cognitive appraisal.

Question 2

Primary emotions?

Answer 2

Around 6 months
joy, surprise, disgust, sadness, anger and fear

Question 3

Secondary emotions?

Answer 3

By 18 months, require self awareness
embarrassment, pride, shame, guilt, envy, empathy

Question 4

Emotional competence?

Answer 4

ability to recognise, understand, express and regulate emotions.
Emotional display rules –> difference between inner and expressed emotions.

Question 5

Imprinting?

Answer 5

Innate form of learning in which the young will follow and become attached to a moving object (usually the mother) during a critical period early in life.

Question 6

Social Referencing?

Answer 6

Infants monitor their companion’s emotional reactions and use this to know how to feel and behave. (around 9 months)

Question 7

Internal working models?

Answer 7

Cognitive representations of oneself and others that guide the
processing of social information and behaviour.

Question 8

Chumships?

Answer 8

Close childhood friendships that:
→ help and support cognitive development
→ protect children from harmful effects of bad parent-child relationships

Question 9

Phases in forming attachment?

Answer 9

1. undiscriminating social responsiveness (any human interesting for the infant)
2. discriminating social responsiveness (preference for familiar companions)
3. active proximity seeking true attachment (first clear attachments form)
4. goal corrected partnerships (taking a parent’s goals and plans into consideration and adjusting behavior accordingly - lasts a lifetime

Question 10

4 types of attachment?

Answer 10

1. secure (balanced, upset by separation but easily comforted)
   ↳ sensitive and responsive parents
2. resistant (anxious, ambivalent reactions)
   ↳ parents are consistent in caregiving and showing emotions
3. avoidant no distress when separated from mother, avoids contact)
   ↳ impatient, resentful parents, annoyed by the interference of the infant
4. disorganised/disoriented (seems frightened of the parent)
   ↳ abusive, highly unstable households

Question 11

Main qualities that later reflect secure attachment in infancy?

Answer 11

• intellectual competence
• social competence
• emotion regulation

Question 12

Different types of play?

Answer 12

• solitary
• parallel
• associative
• cooperative

Question 13

Children categories based on peer acceptance?

Answer 13

• popular
• rejected
• neglected
• controversial
• average

Question 14

Sociometric popularity?

Answer 14

being liked by many peers

Question 15

Perceived popularity?

Answer 15

being viewed as someone with high status or power

Question 16

Relational aggression?

Answer 16

subtle, indirect aggression (like gossiping or ignoring)

Question 17

5 steps to peer group structural changes?

Answer 17

1. late childhood –> same sex cliques
2. early adolescence –> begin interacting
3. early adolescence –> popular kids in heterosexual cliques
4. less popular teens in mixed-sex cliques –> the crowd
5. late high school –> crowd disintegrates –> couples form

Question 18

Peer socialisation issue?

Answer 18

Process by which peers influence each other’s attitudes, behaviour and beliefs

Question 19

Stages of adolescent relationship formation?

Answer 19

1. initiation
2. status
3. affection
4. bonding

Question 20

Filter theories?

Answer 20

people use a series of criteria to narrow down potential partners
↳ initially based on similarities in appearance, education, and SES
↳ later on, they are based on similarity in values, beliefs, and traits

Question 21

Homogamy?

Answer 21

Similarities

Question 22

Triangular theory of love?

Answer 22

1. intimacy
   ↳ emotional connection, sharing personal thoughts and feelings, closeness, and
   warmth
2. passion
   ↳ physical attraction, sexual arousal,
   excitement, and romance
3. commitment
   ↳ intend and decide to maintain the relationship, by investing time, effort, and resources