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Biology > The Evolution of Populations > Flashcards

The Evolution of Populations Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is microevolution?

A

Changes within a species

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2
Q

What is macroevolution?

A

Changes to a new species

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3
Q

What’s the story about the medium ground finch population on the island of Daphne Major in the Galápagos Islands?

A

1977- drought
The birds with deeper bigger harder beaks survived because they could carry more water and break more seeds and nuts since harder seeds were the ones that survived
This is microevolution

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4
Q

What is phenotypic variation

A

Different in what we see

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5
Q

What is genetic variation?

A

Everything is genetically different

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6
Q

Does genetic variation necessarily manifest itself as outwardly observable phenotypic variation?

A

No; heterozygous verses homozygous dominate

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7
Q

Does phenotypic variation have to result from genetic variation?

A

No we can have environmental reasons

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8
Q

What is the deal with moth caterpillars?

A

Camouflage is based on what they eat

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9
Q

How does mutation create new alleles?

A

Changes in the DNA; change in nucleotide pair; changes the codon in mRNA
This gives a new amino acid which could cause a disease or make cells collapse

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10
Q

Mutation rates tend to be low, so how does rapid reproduction affect the spread of new alleles in a population?

A

Things that spread are generally beneficial mutations

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11
Q

Again, mutation rates tend to be low, so how does sexual reproduction affect the spread of new alleles in a population?

A

Creates new genotype

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12
Q

How do we define “population”?

A

Individuals of the same species generally in the same place at the same time

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13
Q

What is a populations gene pool?

A

All the genes and alleles that you have in that species or population

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14
Q

What’s the deal if only one allele exists for a particular locus

A

If there is only one allele, then we are homozygous

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15
Q

What’s the deal if two or more alleles exist for a particular locus

A

They are either homozygous or heterozygous

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16
Q

What us allele frequency

A

How many people posses the allele in the population

17
Q

What does it mean for a population to be at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

A

Not evolving

18
Q

What are the conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

A 
No mutations
Random mating
No natural selection
Extremely large pop size
No gene flow
19
Q

What exactly is natural selection?

A

Whatever lives long enough to reproduce does

20
Q

How can natural selection alter allele frequencies in a population

A

The things that do survive have certain phenotypes that allow them to survive

21
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

Change in frequency of a gene variant in a population due to random sampling

22
Q

What is founder effect?

A

A species found in a new population where they haven’t been before

23
Q

What is the bottleneck effect? How does this differ from the founder effect?

A

Population decimates

If it is founder they can still have an original large population. in bottle neck the population is smaller

24
Q

What is gene flow?

A

One way Migration

25
Q

What is adaptive evolution?

A

The ones that live adapt and pass on the gene that helped them survive and so on

26
Q

What is fitness? what is relative fitness?

A

Reproductive succes; they have greater success at surviving then the rest

27
Q

Natural selection acts directly on ___ and indirectly on ____

A

Phenotype; genotype

28
Q

What is Directional Selection

A

Shifts to one of the extremes

29
Q

What is disruptive selection

A

Selection against intermediate (middle) leaving the extremes

30
Q

What is stabilizing selection

A

The extremes dying off; selection is for the intermediate

31
Q

Why do we say that natural selection is the only evolutionary mechanism that consistently leads to adaptive evolution? What about mutation, drift, and gene flow?

A

Natural selection is the only one that is not random

32
Q

What is sexual selection?

A

Selection based of certain character/traits the opposite sex has

33
Q

What is sexual dimorphism

A

Makes it easier to tell genders apart

34
Q

What is intrasexual selection

A

Within same sex- contest among males for female or among females for male

35
Q

What is intersexual selection

A

Selection of the mates through attraction of a certain trait

36
Q

What is frequency-dependent selection?

A

When the frequency of a particular phenotype goes up in the population the fitness foes down and vice versa

Biology (21 decks)

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