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Biology > Plant structure, growth, and response > Flashcards

Plant structure, growth, and response Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does the term Development mean?

A

The specific series or changes by which cells form tissues, organs, and organisms

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2
Q

What factors effect development?

A

Genetic information inherited from parent but also external environment such as pH, water and minerals

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3
Q

What is Developmental Plasticity?

A

The ability to alter form in response to local environmental conditions

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4
Q

A single genotype can produce different phenotypes in different environments.
What is this called?

A

Developmental Plasticity

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5
Q

The three overlapping processes involved in the development of a multicellular organism are

A

growth, morphogenesis, and differentiation.

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6
Q

What is Growth?

A

An irreversible increase in size

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7
Q

What is Morphogenesis?

A

The process that gives a tissue, organ, or organism its shape and determines the positions of cell types

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8
Q

What is Cell differentiation?

A

The process by which cells with the same genes become different from one another

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9
Q

The plane of cell division refers to

A

development of the new cell wall that bisects a plant cell during cytokinesis

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10
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Cell splitting apart

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11
Q

What is transverse division and what does it lead to in leaf growth?

A

Leaf elongation

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12
Q

What is longitudinal division and what does it lead to in leaf growth?

A

Leaf broadening

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13
Q

mutations that affect the plane of cell division (e.g., tangled-1) do not affect

A

leaf shape.

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14
Q

Although the plane of cell division does not determine the shape of plant organs, the symmetry of cell division is important in determining

A

cell fate.

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15
Q

What is symmetry of cell division?

A

The distribution of cytoplasm between daughter cells

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16
Q

What is Asymmetrical cell division and what does it signs? Explain Guard Cells.

A

One daughter cell receives more cytoplasm than the other during mitosis; usually signals a key event in development; Guard cells are the smaller cell in asymmetrical cell division

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17
Q

Asymmetrical cell division also plays a role in establishment of

A

polarity

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18
Q

What is the first cell division of a plant zygote like?

A

normally asymmetrical, initiating polarization of the plant body into shoot and root.

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19
Q

What does the establishment of polarity lead to in plants?

A

Downward growth of roots, upward growth of shoots

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20
Q

What is polarity?

A

The condition of having structural or chemical differences at opposite ends of an organism

21
Q

What happens if the first cell division of a plant zygote is symmetrical instead (e.g., the gnom mutant)?

A

The first cell division of the zygote is abnormal because it is symmetrical, and the resulting ball-shaped plant has neither roots nor leaves

22
Q

Growing plant cells expand mainly through

A

water uptake and “packaging” of water in the large central vacuole of the cells.

23
Q

What is the usual orientation of cell growth and how is that determined?

A

Through “cuttings”; Steam cutting- adventitious roots emerge from the end that was nearest the root; in root cutting- adventitious shoots arise from the end that was nearest the shoot

24
Q

What are cellulose microfibrils?

A

The orientation of these in the innermost layers of the cell wall causes differential growth; they do not stretch so the cell expands mainly perpendicular to the main orientation of them

25
Q

During morphogenesis, cells acquire different identities in an ordered spatial arrangement. What does that mean?

A

Certain cells form where they need to be for example dermal tissue forms on the exterior and vascular tissue in the interior

26
Q

What is pattern formation?

A

The development of specific structures in specific locations

27
Q

Experimental work has shown that a plant cell’s fate is established late in development and largely depends on signaling from

A

neighboring cells.

28
Q

The gene KNOTTED-1 is important in the development of

A

leaf morphology

29
Q

Given that the cells of a developing organism share a common genome, what controls differentiation?

A

Depends to a large degree on the control of gene expression- the regulation of transcription and translation, resulting in the production of specific proteins

30
Q

Gene expression is one thing; how about the final position of a cell in a developing organ?
What does cell-to-cell communication have to do with this?

A

Cells receive information about hoe they should specialize form neighboring cells; this is “cell-to-cell communication”

31
Q

Explain the two cell types that arise in the root epidermis of Arabidopsis: root hit cells and hairless epidermal cells

A

Cell fate is associated with the position of the epidermal cells; Immature epidermal cells in contact with two root cortex differentiate into root hair cells by not expressing a homeotic gene called GLABRA-2; Immature epidermal cells in contact with only one cortical cell differentiate into mature hairless cells by expressing GLABRA-2

32
Q

What are phase changes?

A

The morphological changes that arise for transitions in shoot apical meristem activity; 3 phases in plants juvenile stage-> adult vegetative stage -> adult reproductive stage

33
Q

Flower function involves a phase change from

A

vegetative growth to reproductive growth

34
Q

This phase change involves the conversion of ____ vegetative meristems to ____ floral meristems and is associated with the switching on of floral ____ _____ ____

A

indeterminant;
determinant;
meristem identity genes.

35
Q

What are organ identity genes, what do they control, and how do they control it?

A

A plant homeotic gene that uses positional information to determine which emerging leaves develop into which types of floral organs;
ABC hypothesis

36
Q

Explain floral organs and their arrangement.

A

SEPALS form the first outermost whorl; PETALS form the second; STAMENS form the third; and CARPALS for the fourth and innermost whorl

37
Q

Go through the steps for de-etiolation of potatoes to happen

A
  1. The light signal is detected by the phytochrome receptor
  2. Transduction is than initiated by second messengers cGMP and CA2+ channels
  3. The second messengers activate two different specific protein kinase
  4. Both pathway lead to expression of genes for proteins that function in the response
38
Q

What are second messengers and what do they do?

A

Small molecules and ions in the cell that amplify the signal and transfer it from the receptor to other proteins that carry out the response

39
Q

What are protein kinase?

A

Enzyme that works in phosphorylation

40
Q

What is post-translational modification?

A

Activates preexisting enzymes by having a kinase cascade

41
Q

What is Transcriptional Regulation?

A

Increases or Decreases the synthesis of mRNA encoding a specific enzyme

42
Q

What are de-etiolation response proteins?

A

Many are enzymes that function in photosynthesis directly; others are enzymes involved in supplying the chemical pre- cursors necessary for chlorophyll production; still others affect the levels of plant hormones that regulate growth.

43
Q

Plant hormones help (3)

A

coordinate growth, development, and responses to stimuli.

44
Q

What is a hormone?

A

is a signaling molecule that is produced in tiny amounts by one part of an organism’s body and transported to other parts, where it binds to a specific receptor and triggers responses in target cells and tissues.

45
Q

What is tropism?

A

Any growth response that results in plant organs curving toward or away from stimuli

46
Q

What is phototropism?

A

The growth of a shoot toward light or away from it

47
Q

In 1880, Charles and Francis Darwin removed and covered parts of grass coleoptiles to determine what part senses light. Coleoptile is

A

the covering of the young shoot of the embryo of a grass seed.

48
Q

Peter Boyce-Jensen separated coleoptiles with different materials to determine

A

how the signal for phototropism is transmitted.

49
Q

plant growth, development, and responses to stimuli are highly coordinated and under control of multiple chemical agents known as

A

hormones or plant growth regulators

Biology (21 decks)

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