Being an Animal

Question 1

Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that develop from

Answer 1

embryonic layers.

Question 2

Amniotes are ___ that have a terrestrially adapted egg

Answer 2

tetrapods

Question 3

How do plants get their food?

Answer 3

Plants are autotrophic eukaryotes capable of generating organic molecules through photosynthesis

Question 4

How do fungi get their food?

Answer 4

Fungi are heterotrophs that grow on or near their food and that feed by absorption (often after they have released enzymes that digest the food outside their bodies

Question 5

How do animals get their food?

Answer 5

Ingest them- either by eating other living organisms or by eating nonliving organic material. Use enzymes to digest within their body

Question 6

What is there about cell structure that differentiates animals from plants and fungi?

Answer 6

Animals lack the structural support of cell walls

Question 7

If the cell wall provides structural support to plant and fungal cells and connects them to one another, what is the major thing that provides structural support to animal cells and connects them to one another?

Answer 7

Proteins external to the cell membrane; most abundant protein is collagen

Question 8

Animals have two types of specialized cells not found in other multicellular organisms. What are they?

Answer 8

Muscle and nervous tissue

Question 9

What are tissues? What are the tissues into which these cells are organized and what do these tissues do?

Answer 9

Groups of similar cells that act as a functional unit;

Question 10

what is happening during early embryonic development in animals?

Answer 10

Zygote-> Eight cell stage-> Blastula-> Gastrula

Question 11

Although some animals, including humans, develop directly into adults, the life cycles of most animals include at least

Answer 11

one larval stage

Question 12

What is a larva?

Answer 12

A sexually immature form of an animal that is morpologically distinct from the adult, usually eats different food, and may even have a different habitat

Question 13

What is the development transformation by which an animal larva turns into a juvenile that resembles an adult but is not yet sexually mature?

Answer 13

Metamorphosis

Question 14

What in general are Hox genes?

Answer 14

Family of genes that play important roles in the development of animal embryos, controlling the expression of many other genes that influence morphology

Question 15

The amniotes are a group of tetrapods whose extant members are the

Answer 15

reptiles (including birds) and mammals.

Question 16

Amniotes are named for the major derived character of the clade, the

Answer 16

amniotic egg

Question 17

What is a clade?

Answer 17

a group of ancestral species and all of its descendants

Question 18

What is an amniotic egg? What are the four specialized membranes that surround the embryo?

Answer 18

Allows the embryo to develop on land in its own private “pond”;
the amnion, the chorion, the yolk sac, and the allantois- know as extra embryonic membranes

Question 19

Why are the amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois called extraembryonic membranes?

Answer 19

They are not part of the body of the embryo itself, these mebranse develop from tissue layers that grow out from the embryo

Question 20

What is the main function of the amnion, amniotic cavity, and amniotic fluid?

Answer 20

Amnion- Protects the embryo in a fluid-filled cavity that cushions against mechanical shock
Amniotic cavity- cavity that contains embryo, allantois, yolk, chorion, and amnion
Amniotic fluid- fluid in amnion that cushions

Question 21

What are the functions of the allantois and the membrane of the allantois?

Answer 21

A disposal sac for certain metabolic wastes produced by the embryo

Question 22

What is the function of the chorion in conjunction with the allantois membrane?

Answer 22

Exchange gases between the embryo and the air

Question 23

What is the function of the yolk sac and yolk?

Answer 23

Yolk- a stockpile of nutrients

They provide nutrients to the embryo

Question 24

Other than the amniotic egg, what did Hylonomus have (and what do other reptiles have) that amphibians do not have?

Answer 24

Reptiles have scales that contain the protein keratin; also most lay their shelled eggs on land; fertilization occurs internally, before the egg is secreted

Question 25

What are a couple of other characteristics of early amniotes?

Answer 25

They lived in warm, moist environments then expanded to wide range including dry and high-latitude regions.
They resembled small lizards with sharp teeth

Question 26

What are some of the unifying characteristics of reptiles?

Answer 26

scales that contain the protein keratin; also most lay their shelled eggs on land; fertilization occurs internally, before the egg is secreted

Question 27

How about reptiles skin?

Answer 27

Scales help protect the animals; skin from desiccation and abrasion

Question 28

How about where most of reptiles lay their eggs?

Answer 28

Eggs are shelled and laid on land; fertilization occurs internally

Question 29

How about how reptiles control their body temperature?

Answer 29

Most are “cold-blooded”; They are ectothermic- they absorb external heat as their main source of body heat

Question 30

How do birds fit in?

Answer 30

They are reptiles; they are endothermic-capable of maintaining body temp. though metabolic activity

Question 31

Turtles form a very large group of reptiles, but what are they related to?

Answer 31

Uncertain; morphological data suggest parareptiles;

new studies suggest lepidosaurs or archosaurs

Question 32

How do crocodilians fit into the grand scheme of reptile evolution?

Answer 32

alligators and crocodiles (collectively known as crocodilians) belong to a lineage that reaches back to the late Triassic with the earliest members of this lineage being small terrestrial quadruped with long, slender legs

Question 33

What are most adaptations in birds associated with?

Answer 33

Facilitating flight; weight-saving modifications that make flying more efficient

Question 34

With flight, there is a premium on weight-saving modifications. These include:

Answer 34

Lack of a urinary bladder
Only one ovary in the females of most species
Small gonads in both males and females
Lack of teeth

Question 35

What is a wing as far as overall general structure is concerned?

Answer 35

A wing is a remodeled version of the tetrapod forelimb; feathers were scales

Question 36

What does internal structure of the bones have to do with anything?

Answer 36

Bones are honeycombed internally and filled with air

Question 37

Phylogenetic analyses of birds and reptilian fossils indicate that birds belong to the group of bipedal saurischian dinosaurs called

Answer 37

theropods

Question 38

Archaeopteryx is the earliest known bird. What are some of it’s characteristics that relate it to both dinosaurs and birds?

Answer 38

Had feather wings like bird but retained ancestral characteristics such as teeth, clawed digits in its wings, and a long tail

Question 39

Flightless birds include:

Answer 39

Ratites – the ostrich, rhea, kiwi, cassowary, and emu.

Penguins

Question 40

Flying birds show great diversity in their

Answer 40

adaptations.