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Biology > Being a Plant > Flashcards

Being a Plant Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a sporophyte

A

Make spores through process of meiosis

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2
Q

What is a gametophyte

A

The male and female sex cells; they make gametes through mitosis because they are already haploid

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3
Q

Where does meiosis occur?

A

On the sporangia located on the leaves

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4
Q

What is a sporangia and where are they found?

A

They produce spores and are located on leaves called sporophyls

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5
Q

By what process do sporangia produces spores?

A

Meiosis

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6
Q

What does the spore wall do?

A

Prevent them from drying out

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7
Q

What are archegonia?

A

Where eggs are produced

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8
Q

What are antheridia?

A

Where sperm is produced and released into the environment

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9
Q

By what process are sperm and eggs produced?

A

Mitosis

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10
Q

Where does fertilization take place?

A

The archegonia

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11
Q

Where does the embryo develop?

A

Inside the archegonia

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12
Q

What is apical meristems?

A

Localized regions of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots. Primary Growth - grow in length (hight)

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13
Q

How does a plant get his food? Where does this occur?

A

Photosynthesis i the stomata of the leaves

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14
Q

How and where do plants gets the minerals and water?

A

Through the fruit and root systems

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15
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of cells consisting of one or more cell types that together that perform a specialized function

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16
Q

What is an organ?

A

Consists of several types of tissues that together carry out particular functions.

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17
Q

What are the three basic plant organs?

A

Roots, Stems and Leaves

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18
Q

What are the functions of roots?

A

An organ that anchors a vascular plant in the soil, absorbs minerals and water, and often stores carbohydrates and other reserves

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19
Q

What are lateral roots?

A

They greatly enhance the ability of the root system to anchor the plant and to acquire resources such as water and minerals from the soil

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20
Q

What is a taproot?

A

One main vertical root which usually develops from the primary root and which helps prevent the plant from toppling

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21
Q

What are root hairs and what do they do?

A

Thin, finger-like extensions of root epidermal cells, emerge and increase the surface area of the root enormously

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22
Q

What are prop roots?

A

Support tall, top-heavy plants; ex. corn

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23
Q

What are storage roots?

A

Plants that store food and water in their roots; like beets

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24
Q

What are strangling roots?

A

Germinate in the crevices of tall tress then the roots grow to the ground, wrapping around the host tree and killing it.

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25
Q

What are pneumatophores?

A

Roots project above the water’s surface at low tide, they enable the root system to obtain oxygen, which is lacking

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26
Q

What are buttress roots?

A

Arial roots that stay partly above the ground; they give architectural support to the trunks of trees

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27
Q

What are the functions of stems?

A

Elongate and orient the shoot in a way that maximizes photosynthesis by the leaves.
Also to elevate reproductive structures, thereby facilitating the dispersal of pollen and fruit.

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28
Q

What are nodes?

A

The points at which the leaves are attached

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29
Q

What are internodes?

A

The stem segments between nodes

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30
Q

Whats an axillary bud?

A

In the upper angle formed by each leaf and the stem which can potentially form a branch or, in some cases, a thorn or flower

31
Q

Whats an apical bud?

A

Where most of the growth of a young shots concentrated near the growing shoot tip

32
Q

What is apical dominance?

A

When the apical bud produces hormones to the axillary bud which stop their growth. If you remove the apical bud, the ancillary buds will grow

33
Q

What is a rhizome?

A

A horizontal shoot that grows just below the surface. Vertical shoots emerge from axillary buds

34
Q

What are tubers?

A

Enlarged ends of rhizomes or stolons specialized for storing food; potato

35
Q

What is a stolon?

A

Horizontal shoots that grow along the surface; these “runners” enable a plant to reproduce asexually , as platelets form at nodes along each runner

36
Q

What are the functions of leaves?

A

main photosynthetic organ; Also exchange gases with atmosphere, dissipate heat, and defend themselves from herbivores and pathogens

37
Q

What is a blade?

A

The flattened part of the leaf

38
Q

What is a petiole?

A

The stalk which joins the leaf to the stem at a node

39
Q

What is a simple leaf?

A

Has a single, undivided blade; some are deeply lobed

40
Q

What is a compound leaf?

A

The blade consists of multiple leaflets. A leaflet has no axillary bud at its base

41
Q

What is a tendril?

A

Modified leaves that form a coil that brings the plant closer to the support

42
Q

What is a spine?

A

Thin, spiky modified leaves; the steam carries out photosynthesis

43
Q

What are storage leaves?

A

bulbs have a short underground stem and modified leaves that store food; onion

44
Q

What are reproductive leaves?

A

Leaves produce adventitious platelets, which fall off the leaf and take root in the soil

45
Q

What is the dermal tissue system?

A

The plants outer protective covering-it forms the first line of defense against physical damage and pathogens

46
Q

What is the epidermis?

A

Usually a single tissue; a layer of tightly packed cells

47
Q

What is the cuticle?

A

A waxy epidermal coating, helps prevent water loss

48
Q

What is the periderm?

A

Protective tissues that replace the epidermis in older regions of stems and roots

49
Q

What are trichomes?

A

Another class of highly specialized epidermal cells found in shoots- they reduce water loss and reflect excess light- some defend against insects through shapes that hinder movement or glands that secrete sticky fluids or toxic compounds

50
Q

What are the functions of the vascular tissue system?

A

To facilitate the transport of materials through the plant and to provide mechanical support

51
Q

What is the Xylem?

A

Conducts water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots into the shoots

52
Q

What is the Phloem?

A

Transports sugars, the products of photosynthesis, from where they are made (usually the leaves) to where they are needed- usually roots and sites of growth, such as developing leaves and fruits

53
Q

What are the functions of the ground tissue system?

A

Includes cells specialized for functions such as storage, photosynthesis, support, and short-distance transport

54
Q

What is a pith?

A

Ground tissue that is internal to vascular tissue

55
Q

What is a cortex?

A

Ground tissue that is external to vascular tissue

56
Q

What are parenchyma cells?

A

Have primary walls that are relatively thin and flexible, and most lack secondary walls; they perform most of the metabolic functions of the plant, synthesizing and storing various organic products

57
Q

What are collenchyma cells?

A

Grouped in strands; help support young parts of the plant shoot; generally elongated cells that have thicker primary walls then parenchyma, though the walls are unevenly thickened; Provide flexible support without restraining growth

58
Q

What are sclerenchyma cells?

A

Function as supporting elements in the plant, but are much more rigid than collenchyma; Mature sclerenchyma cannot elongate; regions of the plant that have stopped growing in length

59
Q

Talk about water conducting cells of the xylem

A

Two types- trachieds and vessel elements; are tubular, elongated cells that are dead at functional maturity;
When the living cellular contents of tracheid or vessel element disintegrate, the cell;s thickened walls remain behind, forming a nonliving conduit through which water can flow;

60
Q

What are tracheas?

A

A long thin water conducting cell of the xylem with tapered ends

61
Q

What are vessel elements?

A

Generally wider, shorter, thinner walled water conducting cells of the xylem

62
Q

talk about the sugar conducting cells of the phloem.

A

Alive at functional maturity; sugars and other organic nutrients are transported through long, narrow cells called sieve cells or sieve tubes; sieve tubes consists of chains of cells that are celled sieve-tube elements;

63
Q

What are sieve tube elements?

A

Part of sugar conducting cells of phloem; lack a nucleus, ribosomes, a distinct vacuole, and cytoskeleton– this allows nutrients to pass more easily through;

64
Q

What are sieve plates?

A

End walls between sieve tube elements; have pores that facilitate the flow of fluid from cell to cell along the sieve tube

65
Q

What is a companion cell?

A

A nonconducting cells alongside each sieve tube element which is connected to the sieve tube element by numerous plasmodesmata; their nucleus and ribosomes serve themselves but also the sieve tube element

66
Q

What is indeterminate growth?

A

Growth occurs through the plants life

67
Q

What are meristems?

A

Unspecialized tissues that divide when conditions permit, leading to new cells that elongate and become specialized

68
Q

What is determinate growth?

A

Stop growing after reach a certain size; leaves, thorns and flowers

69
Q

What is primary growth?

A

Allows roots to extend throughout the soil and shoots to increase their exposure to light

70
Q

What is secondary growth?

A

Growth in thickness

71
Q

What are lateral meristems?

A

Allow growth in thickness; also called vascular cambium and cork cambium

72
Q

What is vascular cambium?

A

Adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem and secondary phloem

73
Q

What is cork cambium?

A

Replaces the epidermis with the ticker, tougher periderm

Biology (21 decks)

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