Being a Plant Flashcards
What is a sporophyte
Make spores through process of meiosis
What is a gametophyte
The male and female sex cells; they make gametes through mitosis because they are already haploid
Where does meiosis occur?
On the sporangia located on the leaves
What is a sporangia and where are they found?
They produce spores and are located on leaves called sporophyls
By what process do sporangia produces spores?
Meiosis
What does the spore wall do?
Prevent them from drying out
What are archegonia?
Where eggs are produced
What are antheridia?
Where sperm is produced and released into the environment
By what process are sperm and eggs produced?
Mitosis
Where does fertilization take place?
The archegonia
Where does the embryo develop?
Inside the archegonia
What is apical meristems?
Localized regions of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots. Primary Growth - grow in length (hight)
How does a plant get his food? Where does this occur?
Photosynthesis i the stomata of the leaves
How and where do plants gets the minerals and water?
Through the fruit and root systems
What is a tissue?
A group of cells consisting of one or more cell types that together that perform a specialized function
What is an organ?
Consists of several types of tissues that together carry out particular functions.
What are the three basic plant organs?
Roots, Stems and Leaves
What are the functions of roots?
An organ that anchors a vascular plant in the soil, absorbs minerals and water, and often stores carbohydrates and other reserves
What are lateral roots?
They greatly enhance the ability of the root system to anchor the plant and to acquire resources such as water and minerals from the soil
What is a taproot?
One main vertical root which usually develops from the primary root and which helps prevent the plant from toppling
What are root hairs and what do they do?
Thin, finger-like extensions of root epidermal cells, emerge and increase the surface area of the root enormously
What are prop roots?
Support tall, top-heavy plants; ex. corn
What are storage roots?
Plants that store food and water in their roots; like beets
What are strangling roots?
Germinate in the crevices of tall tress then the roots grow to the ground, wrapping around the host tree and killing it.
What are pneumatophores?
Roots project above the water’s surface at low tide, they enable the root system to obtain oxygen, which is lacking
What are buttress roots?
Arial roots that stay partly above the ground; they give architectural support to the trunks of trees
What are the functions of stems?
Elongate and orient the shoot in a way that maximizes photosynthesis by the leaves.
Also to elevate reproductive structures, thereby facilitating the dispersal of pollen and fruit.
What are nodes?
The points at which the leaves are attached
What are internodes?
The stem segments between nodes
Whats an axillary bud?
In the upper angle formed by each leaf and the stem which can potentially form a branch or, in some cases, a thorn or flower
Whats an apical bud?
Where most of the growth of a young shots concentrated near the growing shoot tip
What is apical dominance?
When the apical bud produces hormones to the axillary bud which stop their growth. If you remove the apical bud, the ancillary buds will grow
What is a rhizome?
A horizontal shoot that grows just below the surface. Vertical shoots emerge from axillary buds
What are tubers?
Enlarged ends of rhizomes or stolons specialized for storing food; potato
What is a stolon?
Horizontal shoots that grow along the surface; these “runners” enable a plant to reproduce asexually , as platelets form at nodes along each runner
What are the functions of leaves?
main photosynthetic organ; Also exchange gases with atmosphere, dissipate heat, and defend themselves from herbivores and pathogens
What is a blade?
The flattened part of the leaf
What is a petiole?
The stalk which joins the leaf to the stem at a node
What is a simple leaf?
Has a single, undivided blade; some are deeply lobed
What is a compound leaf?
The blade consists of multiple leaflets. A leaflet has no axillary bud at its base
What is a tendril?
Modified leaves that form a coil that brings the plant closer to the support
What is a spine?
Thin, spiky modified leaves; the steam carries out photosynthesis
What are storage leaves?
bulbs have a short underground stem and modified leaves that store food; onion
What are reproductive leaves?
Leaves produce adventitious platelets, which fall off the leaf and take root in the soil
What is the dermal tissue system?
The plants outer protective covering-it forms the first line of defense against physical damage and pathogens
What is the epidermis?
Usually a single tissue; a layer of tightly packed cells
What is the cuticle?
A waxy epidermal coating, helps prevent water loss
What is the periderm?
Protective tissues that replace the epidermis in older regions of stems and roots
What are trichomes?
Another class of highly specialized epidermal cells found in shoots- they reduce water loss and reflect excess light- some defend against insects through shapes that hinder movement or glands that secrete sticky fluids or toxic compounds
What are the functions of the vascular tissue system?
To facilitate the transport of materials through the plant and to provide mechanical support
What is the Xylem?
Conducts water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots into the shoots
What is the Phloem?
Transports sugars, the products of photosynthesis, from where they are made (usually the leaves) to where they are needed- usually roots and sites of growth, such as developing leaves and fruits
What are the functions of the ground tissue system?
Includes cells specialized for functions such as storage, photosynthesis, support, and short-distance transport
What is a pith?
Ground tissue that is internal to vascular tissue
What is a cortex?
Ground tissue that is external to vascular tissue
What are parenchyma cells?
Have primary walls that are relatively thin and flexible, and most lack secondary walls; they perform most of the metabolic functions of the plant, synthesizing and storing various organic products
What are collenchyma cells?
Grouped in strands; help support young parts of the plant shoot; generally elongated cells that have thicker primary walls then parenchyma, though the walls are unevenly thickened; Provide flexible support without restraining growth
What are sclerenchyma cells?
Function as supporting elements in the plant, but are much more rigid than collenchyma; Mature sclerenchyma cannot elongate; regions of the plant that have stopped growing in length
Talk about water conducting cells of the xylem
Two types- trachieds and vessel elements; are tubular, elongated cells that are dead at functional maturity;
When the living cellular contents of tracheid or vessel element disintegrate, the cell;s thickened walls remain behind, forming a nonliving conduit through which water can flow;
What are tracheas?
A long thin water conducting cell of the xylem with tapered ends
What are vessel elements?
Generally wider, shorter, thinner walled water conducting cells of the xylem
talk about the sugar conducting cells of the phloem.
Alive at functional maturity; sugars and other organic nutrients are transported through long, narrow cells called sieve cells or sieve tubes; sieve tubes consists of chains of cells that are celled sieve-tube elements;
What are sieve tube elements?
Part of sugar conducting cells of phloem; lack a nucleus, ribosomes, a distinct vacuole, and cytoskeleton– this allows nutrients to pass more easily through;
What are sieve plates?
End walls between sieve tube elements; have pores that facilitate the flow of fluid from cell to cell along the sieve tube
What is a companion cell?
A nonconducting cells alongside each sieve tube element which is connected to the sieve tube element by numerous plasmodesmata; their nucleus and ribosomes serve themselves but also the sieve tube element
What is indeterminate growth?
Growth occurs through the plants life
What are meristems?
Unspecialized tissues that divide when conditions permit, leading to new cells that elongate and become specialized
What is determinate growth?
Stop growing after reach a certain size; leaves, thorns and flowers
What is primary growth?
Allows roots to extend throughout the soil and shoots to increase their exposure to light
What is secondary growth?
Growth in thickness
What are lateral meristems?
Allow growth in thickness; also called vascular cambium and cork cambium
What is vascular cambium?
Adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem and secondary phloem
What is cork cambium?
Replaces the epidermis with the ticker, tougher periderm
