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Biology > Medicinal and Psychoactive Plants > Flashcards

Medicinal and Psychoactive Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

Many publications called ___ were richly illustrated; all of them focused on the medicinal uses of plants, but also included much misinformation and superstition

A

herbals

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2
Q

__ ____ __ _____ held that the medicinal use of plants could be ascertained by recognizing features of the plant that corresponded to human anatomy

A

The Doctrine of Signatures

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3
Q

It is estimated that 25% of prescriptions written in the U.S. contain __ ____ ____ (close to 50% if fungal products are included); an even greater percentage are based on semisynthetic or wholly synthetic ingredients originally isolated from plants

A

plant-derived ingredients

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4
Q

Renewed interest in medicinal plants has focused on ___ ____ among indigenous populations around the world, especially those in the tropical rain forests

A

herbal cures; they had a high level of biodiversity

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5
Q

In addition to the destruction of the forests, the erosion of __ ___ is also a threat to herbal practices

A

tribal cultures

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6
Q

The active principles in medicinal plants are chemical compounds known as

A

secondary plant products

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7
Q

Two major categories of secondary plant products are

A

alkaloids and glycosides

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8
Q

Alkaloids contain ____, they are usually alkaline (basic), and they have a ___ taste

A

nitrogen; bitter

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9
Q

The difference between a medicinal and a toxic effect of many alkaloids (or any drug) is

A

often a matter of dosage

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10
Q

Serotonin is a _____ in the brain. If you look closely, you can see this basic chemical structure in several of the above compounds

A

neurotransmitter

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11
Q

____ are so named because a sugar molecule is attached to the active component; they are generally categorized by the nature of the nonsugar or active component

A

Glycosides

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12
Q

Cardioactive glycosides and saponins contain a __ ___ as the active component

A

steroid molecule

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13
Q

___ ____ have their effect on the contraction of heart muscle and, in proper doses, some can be used to treat various forms of heart failure

A

Cardioactive glycosides

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14
Q

Conversely, some of the deadliest plants, such as milkweed and oleander, contain toxic levels of

A

cardioactive glycosides

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15
Q

One useful saponin is ___ from __, which can be used as a precursor for the synthesis of various hormones such as progesterone and cortisone

A

diosgenin; yams

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16
Q

Today in the U.S., several million __ __ rely on digitalis as the primary treatment for their condition

A

Heart patients

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17
Q

___ is an old name for a condition characterized by severe bloating due to fluid accumulation in the lungs, abdomen, and extremities

A

Dropsy

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18
Q

Today, we know that the fluid retention is due to __ ___ ___, a failure of the heart to pump sufficiently

A

congestive heart failure

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19
Q

___ ___ was an English country doctor who began treating dropsy patients with digitalis tea prepared from ground leaves of the purple foxglove, a member of the snapdragon family

A

William Withering

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20
Q

It is now known that the leaves of purple foxglove contain more than 30 glycosides, with ___ and ___ the most medically significant

A

digoxin; digotoxin

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21
Q

The __ ___ in Digitalis slow the heart rate while increasing the strength of each heartbeat so that more blood is pumped with each contraction

A

cardioactive glycosides

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22
Q

The resulting improvement in ___ decreases edema in the lungs and extremities and increases kidney output

A

circulation

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23
Q

The bark of ___ ____ has long been known among many cultures as an effective treatment for reducing fever and relieving pain

A

willow trees

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24
Q

In 1898 it was discovered that __ ___ was more palatable and caused less gastric distress than salicylic acid; it was soon given the name aspirin

A

acetylsalicylic acid

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25
Q

Aspirin is valued for its three classic properties as

A

an anti-inflammatory, antipyretic (fever reducer), and analgesic (pain reliever)

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26
Q

Newer uses of aspirin include the prevention of

A

heart attacks, strokes, and colon, ovarian, and esophageal cancer

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27
Q

___ may also delay the development of cataracts in the elderly and enhance the immune system in protecting the body against bacteria and viruses

A

Aspirin

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28
Q

The greatest attention has been given to the beneficial effects of an aspirin a day in the prevention of

A

heart attacks

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29
Q

Administration of aspirin after a heart attack or stroke reduces the risk of

A

a second heart attack or stroke

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30
Q

Also, aspirin given to healthy middle-aged men reduces the incidence of a first heart attack by

A

44%

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31
Q

One drawback of aspirin is that it can

A

irritate the stomach and it can cause excessive bleeding

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32
Q

____ is still the world’s most prevalent disease; 2-3 million people die each year from it, and at least 1 million are young children

A

Malaria

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33
Q

The fever bark tree, called __ ___ by the Incas, is a member of the coffee family and native to the eastern slopes of the Andes

A

quina-quina (bark of barks)

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34
Q

In 1820, two French scientists isolated the __ ___from the quina-quina

A

alkaloid quinine

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35
Q

For more than 4000 years, Hindu healer in India used snakeroot ____ _____, to treat snakebites (because of the coiled shape of the root), insect bites, and mental illness

A

Rauwolfia serpentina

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36
Q

The first active principle isolated from the Rauwolfia serpentina was

A

reserpine

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37
Q

The sedative effect of reserpine made it valuable as one of the first tranquilizers prescribed for_____; a side effect was a reduction in blood pressure

A

schizophrenia

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38
Q

Today, reserpine is used primarily to treat ____; the majority of drugs prescribed for controlling high blood pressure contain Rauwolfia alkaloids

A

hypertension

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39
Q

___ has been used for thousands of years to treat various skin ailments including rashes, sunburns, direct burns, scalds, and minor wounds

A

Aloe

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40
Q

When cut, the succulent leaves yield a thick mucilaginous sap that can be soothing when applied to injured skin

A

Aloe

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41
Q

Aloe sap promotes faster healing with less scarring by

A

stimulating cell growth and inhibiting bacterial and fungal infection

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42
Q

Compounds in the sap inhibit ___, _____, and ____; the sap is also useful in treating skin and mouth ulcers, eczema, psoriasis, ringworm, athlete’s foot, and poison ivy rashes

A

pain, itching, and inflammation

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43
Q

In a recent investigation, dried aloe sap showed some promise for treating diabetes by

A

lowering blood glucose levels

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44
Q

Several states subsequently passed laws regulating the sale of over-the-counter cold and allergy remedies containing the decongestant _______, which can be used to make methamphetamine

A

pseudoephedrine

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45
Q

Herbal teas with ___ can cause irregular heartbeats, dizziness, headaches, heart attacks, strokes, seizures, and psychotic episodes

A

ephedrine

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46
Q

___ and ___ from the Madagascar periwinkle are used to treat various forms of leukemia and lymphoma

A

Vincristine and vinblastine

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47
Q

____, a terpene from the bark of the Pacific yew, has great promise for treating ovarian and breast cancer

A

Taxol

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48
Q

Like many medicinal plants, herbal remedies contain ____ _____ that can have powerful physiological effects

A

secondary compounds

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49
Q

St. John’s wort is used to treat

A

depression

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50
Q

St. John’s wort apparently lifts spirits by raising levels of certain mood-enhancing neurotransmitters in the brain, particularly

A

serotonin

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51
Q

But, it has been reported that patients who take St. John’s wort experience a drop in ___ ____ of certain prescribed medications they are taking

A

blood concentration

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52
Q

__ ___ is offering hope for Alzheimer’s patients

A

Ginkgo biloba

53
Q

A daily regimen of ginkgo extract results in __ or even ___ of ___ ____ in elderly people who suffer from mild dementia

A

stabilization or even improvement of brain function

54
Q

Ginkgo extracts may halt the progression of Alzheimer’s; ___ and ___ ___ are enhanced while ____ and ___ are reduced

A

concentration and short-term memory; absent-mindedness and anxiety

55
Q

Conversely, ginkgo extracts can magnify the effects of _____ such as aspirin and warfarin (coumadin) and thus induce bleeding

A

anticoagulants

56
Q

Psychoactive drugs affect the central nervous system mainly by influencing the release of

A

neurotransmitters or mimicking their actions

57
Q

___ excite and enhance mental alertness and physical activity; they reduce fatigue and suppress hunger

A

Stimulants

58
Q

___ produce changes in perception, thought, and mood, often inducing a dreamlike state

A

Hallucinogens

59
Q

___ dull mental awareness, reduce physical performance, and often induce sleep or a trancelike state

A

Depressants

60
Q

By strict definition, a narcotic drug is one that

A

induces central nervous system depression resulting in numbness, lethargy, and sleep

61
Q

In contemporary use, the term narcotic applies to

A

any psychoactive compound that is dangerously addictive

62
Q

Addictive compounds generally elicit one or more of the following: (3)

A

psychological dependence, physiological dependence, and tolerance

63
Q

The ovary of opium poppy matures into a capsule, and if the capsule is sliced when it is still green, it exudes a milky latex rich in

A

potent alkaloids

64
Q

The dried latex turns brown and can be peeled from the capsule; this is

A

crude opium

65
Q

More than 20 alkaloids have been identified in opium, with __ and __ probably the most significant

A

morphine and codeine

66
Q

___ are chemicals produced naturally in the brain that modify mood by reducing sensations of pain and enhancing pleasurable feelings; they bind to receptors in the brain, spinal cord, and intestines

A

Endorphins

67
Q

__ depresses areas of the brain involved in the perception of pain and reduces anxiety that accompanies pain, apparently by binding to endorphin receptor sites

A

Morphine

68
Q

___ is a general central nervous system depressant and, like opium, is strongly addictive

A

Morphine

69
Q

The use of morphine declined dramatically after it was realized just how addictive the drug could be, but it is still the drug of choice today for

A

intense pain

70
Q

Medically, ____ is one of the most commonly used opiates

A

codeine

71
Q

___ has value as an oral analgesic but is only one-fifth as strong as morphine; it is usually used in combination with nonopiate analgesics such as aspirin and acetaminophen

A

Codeine

72
Q

___ is superior to ___ in suppressing the cough reflex in the central nervous system; therefore, it is often used in prescription cough syrups

A

Codeine; morphine

73
Q

___, a semisynthetic derivative of morphine, was introduced as a nonaddictive opiate with analgesic properties superior to morphine and cough-suppressant properties superior to codeine

A

Heroin

74
Q

___ was used in many over-the-counter medicines for about two decades

A

Heroin

75
Q

We now know that heroin is ___ times more addictive than morphine; it is not used medicinally in the U.S. nor is it manufactured here legally

A

six

76
Q

Addictive substances, including opium and opium derivatives, trigger a withdrawal response when

A

the drug is no longer taken

77
Q

Common symptoms of ___ include increased respiration, perspiration, runny nose, goose bumps, muscle twitches, insomnia, vomiting, and diarrhea

A

withdrawal

78
Q

The marijuana plant is ____ ____, but some taxonomists recognize two additional species and several varieties

A

Cannabis sativa

79
Q

The marijuana plants are known for their resin production by ___ ___, with the maximum amount of resin coating the unfertilized pistillate flowers and adjacent leaves

A

glandular trichomes

80
Q

It is widely cultivated today and many names have been given to the plants and to products made from the plants or resin (e.g., marijuana, hemp, grass, pot, hash, hashish, bhang, charas, ganja, ma, kif, dagga)

A

Cannabis sativa

81
Q

___, the least potent marijuana, consists of dried, cut tops that are ground with spices to prepare a drink or candy

A

Bhang

82
Q

___ is prepared from resin-rich pistillate flowers and tops of specially bred high-yielding strains; it is usually smoked

A

Ganja

83
Q

___, the most potent, consists of pure resin (also known as hashish) from special strains and is also smoked

A

Charas

84
Q

___ contains a large number of phenolic compounds known as cannabinoids, but the main psychoactive component is delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

A

Cannabis

85
Q

The effects of marijuana relate to the interaction of ___ with cannabinoid cell surface receptors in many regions of the brain

A

THC

86
Q

According to some studies, even moderate use of ___ impairs learning, short-term memory, and reaction time

A

marijuana

87
Q

Because THC is ___ ____ it accumulates in body tissues, and measurable amounts may remain in the body for days after inhalation

A

fat soluble,

88
Q

Effects of marijuana on males include a decrease in

A

sperm production and decreased testosterone levels

89
Q

In pregnant women, THC can

A

cross the placenta and possibly damage the fetus

90
Q

Marijuana and hashish are usually inhaled in smoke, which can

A

damage lung tissue

91
Q

In contemporary medicine, marijuana is used mainly to treat

A

glaucoma and as an aid to chemotherapy

92
Q

Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases characterized by

A

increased pressure within the eye that can damage the optic nerve and cause blindness

93
Q

Smoking marijuana and ingesting preparation with THC significantly___ ocular pressure in patients with glaucoma

A

decrease

94
Q

Patients undergoing chemotherapy for cancer often experience side effects of

A

nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite

95
Q

___ is the major alkaloid of the coca plant; it occurs in the leaves, which can be harvested two or three times a year

A

Cocaine

96
Q

___ ____ was an enthusiastic advocate of the drug as a stimulant and as a means of combating morphine addiction

A

Sigmund Freud

97
Q

As a preparation for colds, asthma, and hay fever, ___ effectiveness was related to the shrinking of mucus membranes and draining of sinuses

A

Cocaine

98
Q

It was believed that cocaine was not addictive and was relatively harmless (damage to the __ and __ ___ was considered the major drawback)

A

nose and mucus membranes

99
Q

___ acts as a local anesthetic, temporarily blocking the transmission of nerve impulses at the site of application

A

Cocaine

100
Q

__ is a powerful stimulant to the central nervous system that produces a short-lived euphoric high

A

Cocaine

101
Q

Physiological effects of cocaine include

A

increased heart rate, respiration, blood pressure, and body temperature, and dilation of the pupils

102
Q

Cocaine abuse has resulted in death due to

A

heart attack, cerebral hemorrhage, respiratory failure, and convulsions

103
Q

Chronic cocaine use can cause a psychosis similar to ___ with accompanying paranoia and hallucinations

A

schizophrenia

104
Q

Heavy users of cocaine develop ___ and ___; if they are snorters, there is often considerable damage to mucus membranes and nasal cartilage

A

insomnia and appetite loss

105
Q

Cocaine is generally recognized as being both ___ and__ addictive; withdrawal symptoms include depression, irritability, and drug craving

A

psychologically; physically

106
Q

___, the major alkaloid in tobacco, is the most addictive drug in widespread use

A

Nicotine

107
Q

It is now recognized that 90% of the lung cancer in men and almost 80% in women is due to ___ ____; 30% of all cancer deaths can be linked to smoking

A

cigarette smoking

108
Q

Each year, 120,000 deaths due to ___ ____ ___are attributed to smoking, and smokers have double the risk of developing heart disease

A

coronary heart disease

109
Q

Pregnant women who smoke have a greater incidence of

A

low-birthweight babies and higher rates of premature and stillborn births

110
Q

The risk of developing ___ is 4 to 25 times greater for smokers than for nonsmokers

A

emphysema

111
Q

___ ____ is also harmful; children of smokers have an increased risk of respiratory disorders and reduced lung function; in adults, passive smoking is a cause of lung cancer

A

Secondary smoke

112
Q

Tobacco smoke is a complex mixture of more than ___ chemicals plus extremely fine particulates

A

2000

113
Q

Included in the mixture are nicotine, tars, carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, aromatic hydrocarbons, and other hazardous substances

A

Tobacco Smoke

114
Q

The alkaloid ____ is addictive in any form of tobacco

A

nicotine

115
Q

___ is a stimulant to the central nervous system, it is a poison in its pure form, and it is converted to carcinogenic products in the body

A

Nicotine

116
Q

Tars, which are organic substances produced during the burning of tobacco leaves, are known

A

carcinogens

117
Q

Poisonous gases found in cigarette smoke include

A

carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, and formaldehyde

118
Q

___ ____ has been shown to be associated with coronary heart disease and the retardation of fetal growth

A

Carbon monoxide

119
Q

___ contains some 30 alkaloids, with mescaline the most active hallucinogen

A

Peyote

120
Q

___ is similar in structure to a neurotransmitter and has its main effect on the central nervous system

A

Mescaline

121
Q

The effects of ___ alone differ from the action of consuming the whole mescal button, where the alkaloids may interact synergistically

A

mescaline

122
Q

Intoxication induced by __ may consist of strikingly brilliant visions

A

peyote

123
Q

It may also produce unpleasant visual hallucinations accompanied by anxiety

A

peyote

124
Q

Intoxication is often accompanied by physical effects including nausea, tremors, chills, and vomiting

A

Peyote

125
Q

Certain members of the ___ ___ family were regarded as powerful medicines among the Aztecs; these morning glories continue to be used by tribes in present-day Mexico

A

morning glory

126
Q

The seeds of these species contain ___ ___ similar to, but far milder than, the potent hallucinogen LSD

A

D-lysergic acid

127
Q

Known as ___ among the Aztecs, it was used in divination as well as religious and magical rituals

A

ololiuqui

128
Q

___ is the most widely used psychoactive substance in the world

A

Caffeine

Biology (21 decks)

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