Animal Form and Function

Question 1

Animal form and function are ___ at all levels of organization

Answer 1

correlated

Question 2

Feedback control maintains the ___ environment in many animals.

Answer 2

Internal

Question 3

What kinds of physical laws limit the range of animal forms?

Answer 3

Physical laws that govern strength, diffusion, movement, and heat exchange

Question 4

Discuss properties of water and body shape in water-dwelling organisms (seal, penguin, tuna)

Answer 4

Water is about a thousand times denser than air and far more viscous- therefore any dumb on bodies surface cause more drag.
All have shape that is fusiform- tapered at both ends to swim faster

Question 5

Physical laws also influence animal body plans with regard to maximum size.
Discuss this.

Answer 5

As body dimensions increase, thicker skeletons are required to maintain adequate support. This limitation affects the internal skeletons and external. Also muscle must be an ever larger fraction of the total body mass.

Question 6

Whether an organism is single-celled or multicellular, all cells must ___ ___ and get rid of ___.

Answer 6

obtain nutrients; waste

Question 7

Exchange with the environment for a single-celled organism

Answer 7

single celled have a sufficient membrane surface area in contact with its environment to carry out all necessary exchange

Question 8

Exchange with the environment for a simple multicellular organism with only two layers

Answer 8

Either the gastrovascular cavity opens to the external environment so both the outer and inner layers of cells are bathed or it is a flat shape

Question 9

Exchange with the environment for complex multicellular organisms

Answer 9

Specialized surfaces are extensively branched or folded which increase SA

Question 10

Internal body fluids link exchange surfaces to body cells. What’s this all about?

Answer 10

The spaces between cells are filled with fluid called interstitial fluid. Complex body plans also include a circulatory fluid (blood). Exchange between the interstitial fluid and circulatory fluid enables cells throughout the body to obtain nutrients and get rid of waste.

Question 11

Cells form a functional animal body through their emergent properties. What does that mean? What is the hierarchy of organization of body plans?

Answer 11

cells arise from successive levels of structural and functional organization;
cells–> tissues->organs->organ stem-> animal

Question 12

Without going into too many details, what are the organ systems in mammals?

Answer 12

Digestive, circulatory, respiratory, immune and lymphatic, excretory, endocrine, reproductive, nervous, integumentary, skeletal, and muscular

Question 13

What are the four main types of animal tissues?

Answer 13

Epithelia, connective, muscle, and nerves

Question 14

What are the general functions of epithelial tissue?

Answer 14

Protection, absorbtion, secretion, diffusion

Question 15

What are the general functions of connective tissue?

Answer 15

holds tissue and organs together in place

Question 16

What are the general functions of muscle tissue?

Answer 16

Movement, organ function, circulatory

Question 17

What are the general functions of nervous tissue?

Answer 17

receipt , processing and transmission of information

Question 18

How does coordination and control work during long dives by harbor seals?

Answer 18

The seal slows its heart rate, collapses its lungs, and lowers its body temperature while propelling itself forward with its hind flippers

Question 19

Coordinating activity across an animal’s body requires ___ between different locations in the body.

Answer 19

communication

Question 20

What are the two major systems for controlling and coordinating responses to stimuli? In general, how do they work?

Answer 20

The endocrine and nervous system.
Endocrine- signaling molecules released into the bloodstream by endocrine cells are carried to all locations of the body.
Nervous- neurons transmit signals along dedicated routes connecting specific locations in the body

Question 21

An animal is said to be a regulator for a particular environmental variable if

Answer 21

it uses internal mechanisms to control internal change in the face of external fluctuation

Question 22

An animal is said to be a conformer for a particular environmental variable if

Answer 22

it allows the internal condition to change in accordance with the external changes in the variable

Question 23

How do some organisms (e.g., the spider crab) conform to more constant environments, such as the relatively stable solute concentration (salinity) of the ocean environment?

Answer 23

Let their internal solute concentration conform to the relatively stable solute of their ocean environment

Question 24

How can an organism (e.g., a bass) be both a regulator and a conformer? Think about internal versus external temperature, and internal versus external solute concentration

Answer 24

may regulate some internal conditions while allowing others to conform to the environment; the bass conforms to the temp of the water but regulates the solute concentration in its blood and interstitial fluid

Question 25

What is homeostasis, and what are a couple of examples? What are some examples of homeostasis in humans?

Answer 25

steady state referring to the maintenance of internal balance; study body temp of a river otter and the stable concentration of solutes in a freshwater bass; Humans maintain constant body temp, blood pH, and blood glucose concentration

Question 26

An animal achieves homeostasis by maintaining a variable, such as body temperature or solute concentration, at or near a particular value, or set point. In general, how does this work?

Answer 26

The animal maintains a variable at or near a set point. A fluctuation in the variable above or below serves as the stimulus detected by a sensor. The control center then generates output that triggers a response to help the variable return to the set point

Question 27

What is negative feedback?

Answer 27

a control mechanism that reduces the stimulus

Question 28

What is positive feedback?

Answer 28

a control mechanism that amplifies rather than reduces the stimulus

Question 29

Does positive feedback really maintain homeostasis?

Answer 29

Not really, more to help drive processes to completion

Question 30

The set points and normal ranges for homeostasis can change under various circumstances. In fact, regulated changes in the internal environment are essential to normal body function. What are a couple of examples?

Answer 30

Hormone shift during puberty and a woman’s menstrual cycle

Question 31

What is circadium rhythm?

Answer 31

a set of physiological changes that occur roughly every 24 hours

Question 32

What is acclimatization? Tell me about the example of an elk or other mammal moving into mountains from sea level

Answer 32

the gradual process by which an animal adjusts temporarily to changes in its external environment; When an elk moves up into the mountains from sea level, the lower oxygen concentration in the high mountain air stimulates the animal to breathe more rapidly and deeply. More CO2 is lost through exhalation, raising blood pH above normal. Over several days, changes in the kidney function to return blood pH to normal