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Cellular Microbiology and Virology > The Endospore forming bacteria > Flashcards

The Endospore forming bacteria Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the Two main genera of the endospore forming bacteria?

A
  • Bacillus
  • Clostridium
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2
Q

When are endospores usually formed?

A
  • Usually formed when a population reaches conditions of nutrient limitation
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3
Q

What are the features of endospores

A
  • Highly resistant to heat, uv, toxic chemicals, ionising radiation
  • Heat resistance is used for selection
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4
Q

Where are endospores usually found?

A
  • Typically Gram + cell wall
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5
Q

What is the typical habitat for endospores?

A
  • Soil
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6
Q

does endospores stain gram + or -

A
  • typically gram + but stain variably
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7
Q

Is Bacillus aerobic or anaerobic

A
  • Aerobic or facultative anaerobes
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8
Q

Is Clostridium aerobic or anaerobic

A
  • Anaerobic
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9
Q

Name the different layers of endospores from outside to in

A
  • Exosporium
  • Spore coat(s)
  • Cortex
  • Spore protoplast or core
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10
Q

What is the exosporium of an endospore

A
  • The outside layer of an endospore
  • thin delicate layer of mostly protein
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11
Q

What is the Spore coat(s) of an endospore

A
  • Multiple layers of spore-specific proteins
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12
Q

What is the Cortex of an endospore

A
  • loosely packed peptidoglycan
  • one of the layers of an endospore
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13
Q

What is the Spore protoplast or core of an endospore

A
  • normal cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm and nucleoid
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14
Q

Name the features of Bacillus. (aerobic or anaerobic, gram stain, habitat)

A
  • Aerobic or facultative anaerobes
  • Variable gram stain
  • Habitat: mainly soil organisms, although some parasites and pathogens
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15
Q

I am an agent of anthrax, disease of sheep, goats and cattle, that is also transmissable to humans and survive in soil for 30 years or more what am I

A
  • Bacillus anthracis
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16
Q

What are the 3 main general manifestations/routes of infection of human Bacillus anthracis

A
  • Cutaneous Anthrax (animal workers)
  • Gastrointestinal Anthrax (ingestion of contaminated meat)
  • Pulmonary anthrax (inhalation of spores)
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17
Q

What is Cutaneous Anthrax

A
  • most common form of infection out of the 3
  • Spores germinate in skin abrasions
  • Skin ulcer - black eschar, can become systemic
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18
Q

What type of workers usually catch cutaneous antrax

A
  • Animal workers
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19
Q

What is the mortality rate of cutaneous anthrax

A
  • untreated is 20% mortality
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20
Q

what is cutaneous anthrax treated with

A
  • responds well to antibiotics
21
Q

What is Gastrointestinal Anthrax

A
  • ingestion of undercooked contaminated meat
22
Q

what are the two types of Gastrointestinal Anthrax

A
  • oral- pharyngeal (most rare) and abdominal (rare)
23
Q

What happens when you get abdominal gastrointestinal anthrax

A
  • Spores germinate in lower gastrointestinal tract
  • primary intestinal lesions form
24
Q

A guy ingested undercooked contaminated meat and showed signs of nausea, severe abdominal pain, vomiting, blood diarrhea. What did he get?

A
  • Gastrointestinal Anthrax
25
Q

What is Pulmonary anthrax

A
  • inhalation of spores
  • spores are mopped up by macrophages and some trafficked to draining lymph nodes
26
Q

What is the mortality of pulmonary anthrax

A
  • 80% mortality in 2-4 days whether antibiotics are given or not
  • 99% lethal in unvaccinated individuals
27
Q

someone had inhaled some spores and has mild upper respiratory tract infection, a few dys later the persons health rapidly deteriorates with severe breathing problems and shock what is this a sign of?

A
  • Pulmonary anthrax
28
Q

What is the treatment for Bacillus anthritis

A
  • penicillin, doxycycline and fluoroquinolones
29
Q

What are the preventions for bacillus anthritis

A
  • Vaccines
  • Bacillus anthrax lacks plasmid pX02 which encodes the protective coating of the bacteria
30
Q

What is Bacillus cereus and what are the two types

A
  • food poisoning
  • Short incubation/emetic or long incubation/diarrheal
31
Q

What is short-incubation/emetic bacillus cereus

A
  • occurs 1-6 hours of eating
  • symptoms often include nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain
  • caused by heat stable emetic toxin which cannot be destroyed by cooking
32
Q

What is long-incubation/diarrheal bacillus cereus

A
  • occurs 6-18 hours after eating
  • symptoms = diarrhea
    -caused by enterotoxin that can be destroyed by cooking
33
Q

What is the habitat of Clostridium

A
  • Widely distributed in nature, soil, water, and intestinal tract of animals
34
Q

Where is Clostridium Botulism habitat

A
  • found in soil, water and decaying vegetation
35
Q

What is Clostridium Botulism

A
  • fatal food poisoning that follows ingestion of preformed toxin from growth of organism in food
36
Q

How does Clostridium Botulism spread

A
  • endospores are very resistant to heat and may withstand boiling for several minutes
  • animals are frequently affected from feeds
  • Anaerobic conditions may germinate spores - grow into vegetative cells and eventually produce the deadly toxin
37
Q

How does Clostridium Botulinum toxin work

A
  • Toxin acts by inhibiting release of acetylcholine form motorneurons causing flaccid paralysis
  • Toxin (Botox) can be used clinically to relieve muscle contractions or cosmetically
38
Q

Clostridium botulism may occasionally infect what ?

A
  • Wounds
39
Q

What is the diagnosis of clostridium botulism ?

A
  • ELISA for toxin in food or suspect food is injected into mice
40
Q

How are toxins produce for Clostridium tetani

A
  • Spores enter body through wound
  • wounding produce necrotic (dead) cells allow anaerobic conditions to develop and spores to germinate leading to formation of the toxin
41
Q

What are the two different types of tetanus (Clostridium tetani)

A
  • Generalised tetanus
  • Neonatal tetanus
42
Q

What is the pathogenesis of clostridium tetani

A
  • toxin migrate along peripheral nerve axons to teh central nervous system
  • symptoms take 3-21 days to develop
43
Q

patient suffers from spastic paralysis which involve neck and jaw, their body is severely contorted what are they suffering from

A
  • clostridium tetani
44
Q

Where can you find Clostridium perfringens

A
  • normal flora in GI and vagina
45
Q

what causes gas gangrene

A
  • Clostridium perfringens spores contaminating wounds
  • several other species of clostridia may also cause gangrene
46
Q

What happens when clostridium perfringens contaminate wounds

A
  • after germination organisms screte exotoxins causing more tissue damage, resulting in rapid spread of the organisms
47
Q

What is the diagnosis and identificaiton of clostridium perfringens

A
  • black rotten look
  • x ray for gas
  • rancid smell on meat media
48
Q

Clostridium perfringens prevention and treatment

A
  • cleansing of wounds
  • antibiotics have littl eeffect in necrotic areas
  • surgery maybe necessary to remove affected parts
49
Q
A

Cellular Microbiology and Virology (17 decks)

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