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Anatomy > The Ear and Nasal Cavity > Flashcards

The Ear and Nasal Cavity Flashcards

1
Q

How does the tympanic membrane slope?

A

Inferiorly and medially

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2
Q

What are the three bones of the ear?

A

The malleus, incus, and stapes

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3
Q

What are the highly specialized sensory receptors in the inner ear and what organ are they a part of and where is it located?

A

hair cells are part of the organ of corti located in the basilar membrane of the cochlear duct

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4
Q

What is the shape of the external acoustic meatus? Describe its composition, bony/cartilaginous?

A

S shaped, lateral 1/3 is cartilage, medial 2/3 bony

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5
Q

Where does the cone of light shine in a healthy ear?

A

Inferiorly and anteriorly

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6
Q

What portion of the ear is considered the safe area for ear tubes?

A

The posteroinferior area

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7
Q

What cranial nerves supply sensory to the external surface of the tympanic membrane and the external acoustic meatus?

A

CN V3 (auriculotemporal), CN VII, CN X

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8
Q

What supplies sensory to the inner surface of the tympanic membrane?

A

Tympanic branches of CN IX

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9
Q

What is a consequence of having participation of vagus in the ear (referred pain)?

A

Sometimes ear aches can be accompanied by coughing and or stomach aches

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10
Q

Why is there a relationship between a tooth ache, carcinoma of the tongue, and an ear ache?

A

all involve sensory innervation from CN V3

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11
Q

In what area does the head of the malleus articulate with the incus?

A

the epitympanic recess

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12
Q

What is the floor of the middle ear cavity called?

A

The jugulum, if you put your ear to the ground you can hear the blood

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13
Q

What is the roof of the middle ear called and what is directly superior to it?

A

The tegmen tympani, the middle cranial fossa

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14
Q

What tube connects the anterior wall of the tympanic cavity to the nasopharynx, and what is its purpose

A

eustachian tube or auditory tube and its purpose is to equalize the pressure between middle ear and nasopharynx. top 1/3 is bone, bottom 2/3 cartilage that is normally closed except when yawning or swallowing.

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15
Q

How does the chorda tympani run wrt to the malleus and the incus?

A

It runs anterior to the incus and posterior to the malleus

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16
Q

What does CN IX do in the middle ear?

A

The tympanic branch comes through the floor and gives of general sensory to the the inner tympanic membrane and the remaining fibers are preganglionic parasympathetics headed to the parotid gland. (found on promontory of middle ear)

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17
Q

How is the stapedius muscle innervated?

A

CN VII

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18
Q

Where does the stapedius muscle emerge from and what is its purpose?

A

The pyrimidal eminence on the posterior wall. to retract the stapes from the oval window.

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19
Q

What does the tensor tympani muscle attach to and do. What innervates it?

A

It attaches to the handle of the malleus and tense the tympanic membrane which decrease the amount of energy (amplitude) that gets sent into inner ear to protect the hair cells. It works in concert with the stapedius muscle. Cr V3

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20
Q

What innervates the tensor tympani?

A

The mandibular division of trigem.

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21
Q

What opens the auditory tube during yawning?

A

Contraction of the salpingopharyngeus and tensor palati and levator palati muscles

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22
Q

What accumulation of lymphoid tissue sits directly behind the opening of the auditory tube (called what?)? What is the consequence of this anatomical relationship?

A

the opening is called the torus tubarius. and the pharyngeal tonsils sit right behind it and are a route for infection of the middle ear, especially in children where the tube is more horizontal.

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23
Q

where are the cell bodies of the special sensory fibers of the facial nerve located? What branch of the facial nerve doe these fibers travel with?

A

in the geniculate ganglion biatch. and they travel with the chorda tympani.

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24
Q

What opening does the facial nerve enter and the vestibulocochlear nerve travel.

A

internal acoustic meatus

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25
Q

What is the nerve that breaks off of the facial nerve around the geniculate ganglion and what does it carry and supply?

A

The Greater petrosal nerve contains parasympathetics that are secretomotor to the oral, nasal mucosal, and lacrimal glands. (There are also parasympathetic fibers of the chorda tympani that are secretomotor to the sublingual and submandibular glands.) pterygopalatine ganglion is where they synapse.

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26
Q

What makes up the roof of the nasal cavity?

A

The cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone

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27
Q

What makes up the floor of the nasal cavity?

A

The palatine process of the maxilla and the horizontal plate of the palatine bone (superior surface of the hard palate)

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28
Q

What makes up the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

A

Superior and middle conchae (features of the ethmoid bone) and inferior concha

29
Q

What forms the nasal septum?

A

articulation between the vomer and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone

30
Q

Which bones are typically broken when you break your nose?

A

The nasal septum, the vomer and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone.

31
Q

Where are your adult teeth stored when you’re a child?

A

Your maxillary sinuses

32
Q

What is difficult about draining the maxillary sinuses?

A

They have to drain superiorly. WTF evolution?

33
Q

What are the following paranasal sinuses in close proximity to frontal, maxillary, ethmoid?

A

Frontal are close to anterior cranial fossa. Ethmoid are close to olfactory bulbs and the eye. The roof of the maxillary is the floor of the orbit. The floor of the maxillary contains the alveolar processes. All have a continuous mucous membrane and a common drainage site.

34
Q

Where do the paranasal sinuses drain?

A

Into the superior, middle, and inferior meatuses

35
Q

Where does the frontonasal duct drain?

A

The middle meatus

36
Q

What is the rounded protuberance of the middle group of ethmoidal sir sinuses called? What are they a feature of?

A

The ethmoidal bulla, the middle meatus

37
Q

What does the semilunar hiatus receive drainage from?

A

anterior ethmoidal sinuses and the maxillary sinus.

38
Q

Where doe the posterior ethmoidal sinuses drain?

A

into the superior meatus

39
Q

Where does the sphenoidal sinus drain?

A

into the sphenoethmoidal recess in the superior meatus (Possible origin of post nasal drip)

40
Q

Where does the sphenoidal sinus drain?

A

into the sphenoethmoidal recess in the superior meatus (Possible origin of post nasal drip)

41
Q

What are the four branches of the maxillary artery and which one is the main supply to nose?

A

Infraorbital, Sphenopalatine (key supply to nose passes through sphenopalatine foramen), descending palatine, posterior superior alveolar.

42
Q

what is the longest branch of the sphenopalatine artery and what does it anastomose with?

A

The nasopalatine artery anastomoses with the greater palatine artery near the incisive canal. this is the site of a lot of nose bleeds.

43
Q

Where does the superior aspect of the nose receive blood form?

A

The anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries from the opthalmic artery.

44
Q

Where does the vestibule of the nose receive blood form?

A

The superior labial artery

45
Q

What does the descending palatine artery do?

A

It travels through the palatine canal and divides into the greater and lesser palatine arteries. greater palatine then travels length of palate and anastomoses with the nasopalatine via the incisive foramen

46
Q

High nose bleeds may involve what arteries that may signify greater concern above?

A

The posterior and anterior ethmoid arteries (came off of opthalmic from internal carotid) which anastomose with some facial arteries.

47
Q

How does CN V2 exit the skull into the face?

A

Foramen Rotundum

48
Q

How do parasympathetics from the greater petrosal nerve of the facial nerve innervate the lacrimal gland?

A

They hop on the zygomatic branch of CN V2 and then travel along the lacrimal branch of CN V1

49
Q

What supplies sensory to the mucous membranes of the lateral nasal wall and the hard and soft palates?

A

CN V2

50
Q

The afferent fibers of the olfactory nerve must transverse what in order to receive sensory from the superior aspect of the nasal cavity?

A

The cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone

51
Q

What are the symptoms of tirgeminal neuralgia or tic douloureux? And what is the cause?

A

Characterized by intermittent brief episodes of excruciating pain that radiates over face usually associated with CN V2 and sometime V3. Usually caused by compression of root of trigeminal either by a tumor or abnormal vasculature. Symptoms appear to be the result of demyelination of the nerve around the area where it is compressed.

52
Q

What is the connection between the stapes and the cochlear duct called?

A

The oval window

53
Q

What are the two general sections of the tympanic membrane and where are they located?

A

The pars flaccida is the “lax” area located at the superior aspect of the membrane on either side of the lateral process of the malleus. The pars tensa is the “taut” area and constitutes most of the area of the membrane

54
Q

What is the danger area of the tympanic membrane?

A

The anterosuperior region becasue of hte proximity to blood vessels, ossicles, and the chorda tympani.

55
Q

What is the portion of the temporal bone that the middle ear occupies?

A

The petrous portion

56
Q

What types of fibers does the chorda tympani contain?

A

Special sensory and preganglionic parasympathetics.

57
Q

What types of fibers are in the tympanic plexus? what does it supply? from what crainial nerve does it originate?

A

Branches of Cr IX. sensory to the mucosa of the middle ear and the inner wall of the tympanic membrane. It also has preganglionic parasympathetic fibers that are secretomotor to the parotid gland

58
Q

What is the round window? What is its purpose?

A

Colsed by a “secondary tympanic membrane” and it dissipates energy being transmitted to the endolymph of the inner ear

59
Q

What are three features of the posterior wall of the middle ear?

A

The aditus ( opening leading to mastoid air cells), THe pyramidal Eminence Contains the stapedius muscle), Canal for the facial nerve

60
Q

what is the anatomical relationship of the auditory canal and the canal for the tensor tympani?

A

The tensor tympani canal runs parallel and superior

61
Q

What is paralysis of the stapedius muscle called?

A

hyperacusia

62
Q

What might swelling or infection of the mucosa of the auditory tube cause?

A

prevents equalization of air pressure. The tympanic membrane retracts and its mobility is reduced; there is a noticeable impairment of hearing

63
Q

What are the somatic fibers of the facial nerve distributed to?

A

The muscles of facial expression and the stapedius muscle

64
Q

What is CSF Rhinorrhea and what causes it?

A

A severe blow to the nose could fracture the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone. This could cause possible spread of bacteria into the anterior cranial fossa. tearing of the meninges often results in leakage of CSF into the nose or cranial cavity.

65
Q

Where do the frontal sinuses drain?

A

into the middle meatus via the frontonasal duct

66
Q

Where do the Anterior ethmoid sinuses drain?

A

frontonasal duct

67
Q

Where do the middle ethmoid sinuses drain?

A

into the middle meatus

68
Q

Where do the Posterior ethmoid sinuses drain?

A

into the superior meatus

69
Q

Where does the nasolacrimal duct empty?

A

The inferior meatus

Anatomy (17 decks)

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