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ESA3 - Head and Neck > The Ear > Flashcards

The Ear Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three parts of the ear?

A

External, middle and inner

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2
Q

Within which bone of the skull do we find parts of the ear?

A

Temporal bone (petrous part)

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3
Q

What does the external ear consist of?

A

Pinna, external auditory meatus and lateral surface of the tympanic membrane

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4
Q

What is the function of the external ear?

A

Collects, transmits and focuses sound waves onto the tympanic membrane

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5
Q

Where does blood accumulate in a pinna haematoma?

A

Between cartilage and perichondrium

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6
Q

What deformity does poorly treated pinna haematoma lead to?

A

Cauliflower deformity

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7
Q

What shape is the external acoustic meatus?

A

Sigmoid

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8
Q

What are the parts of the ear canal?

A

Cartilaginous (outer 1/3) and bony part (inner 2/3)

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9
Q

In which part of the ear canal are there hairs and wax production?

A

Cartilaginous part - outer part

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10
Q

How long is the external acoustic meatus?

A

2.5 cm

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11
Q

What does the middle ear consist of?

A

Ossicles (3 bones) and an air filled cavity

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12
Q

What are the ossicles in the middle ear?

A

Malleus, incus and stapes

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13
Q

What is the function of the middle ear?

A

Amplify and relay vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear (transmits vibration from an air medium to a fluid medium

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14
Q

What muscles tamper with the movement of the ossicles?

A

Stapedius and tensor tympani

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15
Q

Which nerve gives off the branched nerve to stapedius?

A

Facial nerve

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16
Q

When does stapedius contract?

A

If potentially excessive vibration due to loud noise

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17
Q

Why do patients with facial nerve damage sometimes present with hyperacousis?

A

Loss of nerve to stapedius -> stapedius does not contract to dampen vibrations reaching the inner ear

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18
Q

What is otosclerosis?

A

When the ossicles become fused at articulations so sound vibrations cannot be transmitted - causes deafness

19
Q

What bone does the middle ear lie within?

A

Temporal

20
Q

What are the mastoid air cells?

A

A collection of air-filled spaces in the mastoid process of the temporal bone

21
Q

What does the eustachian tube do?

A

Equilises the pressure of the middle ear to that of the EAM

22
Q

What is otitis media with effusion commonly known as?

A

Glue ear

23
Q

What causes otitis media with effusion?

A

If the eustachian tube is unable to equalise middle ear pressure, a negative pressure develops inside the middle ear and draws out a transudate from the mucosa of the middle ear

24
Q

How does the tympanic membrane appear in otitis media with effusion?

A

Retracted and straw coloured

25
Q

What are some symptoms of acute otitis media?

A

Otalgia, temperature

26
Q

Why are middle ear infections more common in children?

A

Eustachian tube is shorter and more horizontal in infacts so there is easier passage for infection from the nasopharynx to the middle ear

27
Q

What are some complications of acute otitis media?

A

Tympanic membrane perforation, facial nerve involvement, mastoiditis, intracranial complications eg meningitis

28
Q

What potentially life-threatening condition can mastoiditis cause?

A

Meningitis - spreads to the middle cranial fossa and into the brain

29
Q

What is cholesteatoma?

A

Abnormal skin growth growing into the middle ear, behind the tympanic membrane

Causes painless, smelly otorrhea

30
Q

What does the inner ear consist of?

A

Vestibular apparatus and cochlea

31
Q

What does the cochlea do?

A

Converts vibration into an action potential which is perceived as sound

It is a fluid filled tube - waves of fluid cause movement of special sensory cells (stereocilia) within the cochlear duct which generate APs in CN VIII

32
Q

What does the vestibuar apparatus do?

A

Maintains our sense of position and balance

33
Q

Outline the mechanism behind hearing

A

1) Auricle and EAM focuses and funnels sound waves towards the tympanic membrane which vibrates
2) Vibration of the ossicles (stapes at the oval window) sets up movement in cochlear fluid
3) These movements are sensed by stereocilia in the cochlear duct
4) Trigger action potentials in cochlear part of CN VIII
5) Goes to primary auditory cortex to make sense of the input

34
Q

What does the vestibular apparatus consist of?

A

Semicircular duct, the saccule and utricle (fluid filled series of channels and sacs that respond to position and rotation)

35
Q

What are some diseases of the inner ear?

A

Meniere’s disease
Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
Labrynthitis

36
Q

What is the normal finding of a Rinne test?

A

Air conduction is greater than bone conduction

37
Q

What is the normal finding of a Weber test?

A

Midline localisation

38
Q

In sensorineural hearing loss, what is the finding in a Rinne test?

A

Air conduction is greater than bone conduction

39
Q

In sensorineural hearing loss, what is the finding in a Weber test?

A

Localises to normal ear

40
Q

In conductive hearing loss, what is the finding in a Rinne test?

A

Bone conduction is greater than air conduction

41
Q

In conductive hearing loss, what is the finding in a Weber test?

A

Localises to affected ear

42
Q

What does the pathology involve in conductive hearing loss?

A

Involving the external or middle ear

eg wax, otitis media, glue ear, otosclerosis

43
Q

What does the pathology involve in sensorineural hearing loss?

A

Involving the inner ear or CN VIII

eg presbyacusis, meniere’s disease, acoustic neuroma, ototoxic medications

44
Q

What is Meniere’s disease characterised by?

A

Episodes of vertigo, low pitched tinnitus and hearing loss

ESA3 - Head and Neck (17 decks)

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