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ESA3 - Head and Neck > Larynx > Flashcards

Larynx Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the larynx?

A

Phonation, cough reflex, protection of the lower respiratory tract

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2
Q

What is the larynx suspended by?

A

Hyoid bone

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3
Q

How is the larynx covered anteriorly?

A

By infrahyoid muscles

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4
Q

How is the larynx covered laterally?

A

By lobes of the thyroid gland

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5
Q

What 3 sections can the internal cavity of the larynx be divided into?

A

Supraglottis - from inferior surface of epiglottis to vestibular folds

Glottis - vocal cords and 1cm below them

Subglottis - from inferior border of glottis to inferior border of the cricoid cartilage

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6
Q

What is the opening between the vocal cords known as?

A

Rima glottidis

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7
Q

What is the arterial supply to the larynx?

A

Superior and inferior laryngeal arteries

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8
Q

What is the superior laryngeal artery derived from?

A

Branch of superior thyroid artery - derived from external carotid

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9
Q

What is the inferior laryngeal artery derived from?

A

Branch of inferior thyroid artery - derived from thyrocerivcal trunk

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10
Q

Which nerve does the superior laryngeal artery follow into the larynx?

A

Internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve

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11
Q

Which nerve does the inferior laryngeal artery follow into the larynx?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

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12
Q

Describe the sensory innervation to the larynx

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve - infraglottis

Internal branch of the superior larngeal nerve - supraglottis

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13
Q

Describe the motor innervation to the internal muscles of the larynx

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve - all muscles except cricothyroid

External branch of the superior laryngeal nerve - cricothyroid

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14
Q

What nerve is at risk during thyroid surgery?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

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15
Q

Which part of cartilages move the vocal cords?

A

Arytenoid cartilages

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16
Q

Which is the only complete ring of cartilage?

A

Cricoid cartilage

17
Q

What is the false vocal cord?

A

Vestibular ligament

18
Q

What is the true vocal cord?

A

Vocal ligament

19
Q

What type of epithelium lines the larynx?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

20
Q

What is the gap between the 2 true vocal cords?

A

Rima glottidis

21
Q

How do you orient anterior and posterior on a laryngoscopy?

A

Point of rima glottidis is forward (anterior)

22
Q

What do the vocal cords do during inspiration and expiration?

A

Abduct (true vocal cords abduct to greater extent during deep breathing)

23
Q

What do the vocal cords do during phonation?

A

Adduct (expired air is forced through closely adducted vocal cords to vibrate a column of air)

24
Q

What happens to the vocal cords during a cough?

A

Vocal cords are powerfully adducted, intrathoracic pressure builds, then cords are suddenly abducted

25
Q

How can the pitch of vocal sounds be altered?

A

By tension and length of true vocal cords

High pitch - vocal cords taut
Low pitch - vocal cords relaxed

26
Q

Contraction of which muscle increases length and tension in vocal cords?

A

Cricothyroid (important for high pitch)

27
Q

What innervates cricothyroid?

A

External branch of superior laryngeal nerve

28
Q

What is seen in an injury to the superior laryngeal nerve?

A

Innervates cricothyroid

Hoarseness of voice especially when attempting high pitched sounds

29
Q

What does the larynx do during swallowing?

A

Contraction of aryepiglottic muscles acts to narrow laryngeal inlet and pull down epiglottis, assisted by elevation of larynx, closure of vocal cords

30
Q

Which nerve could become compressed as a result of an aortic arch aneurysm?

A

Left recurrent laryngeal nerve

31
Q

What position does a paralysed vocal cord assume?

A

Paramedian position - between fully abducted and fully adducted

32
Q

What symptoms could be produced as a result of a unilateral vocal cord palsy?

A

Hoarseness of voice, ineffective cough

note that contralateral side often compensates in time by crossing the midline to meet affected vocal cord

33
Q

Which vocal cord palsy is an emergency: unilateral or bilateral?

A

Bilateral

Both vocal cords in paramedian position - narrow glottis - significant airway obstruction

34
Q

How will a patient with a compromised upper airway present?

A

Stridor, raised respiratory rate, distress, hypoxia +/- cyanosis

ESA3 - Head and Neck (17 decks)

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