Neuroanatomy Flashcards
What are the parts of the brainstem?
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
Where do most nerves that are responsible for eye movements arise from?
Midbrain
Where are the cardiovascular and respiratory centres?
Medulla
What is decussation?
The crossing of nerve fibres in an X
the body is controlled by the contralateral side of the brain
What is a sulcus?
A groove in the brain separating adjacent gyri
What is a gyrus?
A ridge/fold in the brain
What is a fissure in the brain?
A large crack/split between adjacent large areas of the brain
What is the frontal lobe responsible for?
Higher cognition, speech, motor function
What is the parietal lobe responsible for?
Sensation, spatial awareness
What is the temporal lobe responsible for?
Memory, smell, hearing
What is the occipital lobe responsible for?
Vision
What is the cerebellum responsible for?
Co-ordination and motor learning
What separates the frontal and parietal lobes?
Central sulcus
What is the optic chiasm?
An X shaped structure where optic fibres cross over
Why can you get visual disturbances with a pituitary tumour?
Pituitary sits close to optic chiasm
What is the uncus?
Part of the temporal lobe which can herniate and compress the midbrain of the brainstem
Which cranial fossae are filled by the cerebrum?
Anterior and middle
What 2 different types of tissue comprise the cerebrum?
Grey matter - surface of each cerebral hemisphere - processing and cognition
White matter - deeper parts of the brain - glial cells and myelinated axons connecting the various grey matter areas
What divides the two hemispheres of the brain?
Longitudinal fissure
What is the name of the white matter structure connecting the two cerebral hemispheres?
Corpus callosum
What separates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe?
Lateral sulcus
What is the lunate sulcus?
Groove located in the occipital cortex
What lobe does the precentral gyrus belong to?
Frontal lobe (anterior to central sulcus)
What lobe does the postcentral gyrus belong to?
Parietal lobe (posterior to central sulcus)
What is the location of the primary motor cortex?
Precentral gyrus (of the frontal lobe)
What is the location of the primary somatosensory cortex?
Postcentral gyrus (of the parietal lobe)
What gyrus is responsible for the reception and processing of sound?
Superior temporal gyrus (of the temporal lobe)
In which lobe is the primary auditory cortex?
Temporal lobe
Where is the primary visual cortex?
Occipital lobe
Describe the presentation of a stroke patient who’s frontal lobe has been affected
Personality changes, inability to solve problems
Describe the presentation of a stroke patient who’s parietal lobe has been affected
Attention deficits, contralateral hemispatial neglect syndrome (where the patient does not pay attention to the side of the body opposite the lesion)
Describe the presentation of a stroke patient who’s temporal lobe has been affected
Recognition deficits (inability to recognise basic sounds, faces)
Describe the presentation of a stroke patient who’s occipital lobe has been affected
Visual field deficits
In which cranial fossa does the cerebellum sit?
Posterior cranial fossa
What separates the cerebellum from the occipital and temporal lobes?
Tentorium cerebelli (tough layer of dura)
What important role does the thalamus play?
Relaying sensory information that ascends up from the body before being relayed to the cortex
What makes up the diencephalon?
Thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior part of pituitary, pineal gland
What structures make up the forebrain?
Cerebrum + diencephalon
Name some structures included in the hindbrain
Cerebellum, pons, medulla
How does venous blood from cerebral veins in the subarachnoid space get into the superior sagittal sinus?
Via bridging veins which span the arachnoid and dural layers
How does venous blood get from cerebral veins to the IJV in the neck?
Cerebral veins -> superior sagittal sinus -> confluence of sinuses -> transverse sinus -> sigmoid sinus -> IJV
Where is the superior sagittal sinus located?
Longitudinal fissure
