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ESA3 - Head and Neck > Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

Part of the PNS that controls smooth muscle and glands

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2
Q

What is the sympathetic outflow from the CNS?

A

Thoracolumbar - T1-L2 segments

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3
Q

Where are the cell bodies of preganglionic sympathetic nerves?

A

Within lateral horn of grey matter of spinal cord

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4
Q

What is the parasympathetic outflow from the CNS?

A

Craniosacral - cranial (4 CNs) or sacral (S2-S4) - pelvic splanchnics

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5
Q

Which muscles do sympathetic nerves contract?

A

Smooth muscle of blood vessels, eyelid (tarsal muscle) and iris (dilator pupillae)

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6
Q

Which muscles do parasympathetic nerves contract?

A

Smooth muscle of iris (sphincter pupillae) and ciliary body

SM of respiratory and gastrointestinal tract

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7
Q

Which muscle in the eyelid is controlled by sympathetics?

A

Superior tarsal muscle

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8
Q

Which muscle in the iris is controlled by sympathetics?

A

Dilator pupillae

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9
Q

What is lost in partial ptosis?

A

Only lost action of sympathetics - still got oculomotor nerve

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10
Q

What happens to the eye if sympathetic innervation is lost?

A 
Partial ptosis (superior tarsal muscle lost)
Constricted pupil (dilator pupillae lost)
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11
Q

Pathology involving the apex of the lung and internal carotid artery can cause what syndrome?

A

Horner’s syndrome

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12
Q

Which cranial nerves carry parasympathetic fibres from the brainstem?

A

Oculomotor
Facial
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus

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13
Q

What do sympathetic nerves to the head and neck hitch hike on to?

A

Blood vessels

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14
Q

Post ganglionic parasympathetics hitch hike onto branches of what nerve?

A

CN V (trigeminal)

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15
Q

What is the Edinger Westphal nucleus?

A

The parasympathetic pre-ganglionic nucleus that innervates the iris sphincter muscle and the ciliary muscle.

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16
Q

Why do you get constriction of both pupils even if you shine a light in just one eye?

A

Optic nerve sense light, sends signal to brain
COmmunication from optic nerve into midbrain
Communicates with EW on same side as well as the EW nucleus on opposite side

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17
Q

What are the target tissues of parasympathetics in the head and neck?

A 
Smooth muscle in iris (constrictor) 
Ciliary muscle (controls lens)
Lacrimal gland
Salivary glands
Mucosal glands in nasal/oral mucos/resp tract
18
Q

Which ganglion do parasympathetic fibres of the oculomotor nerve pass through?

A

Ciliary ganglion

19
Q

On which part of the nerve do parasympathetic fibres run?

A

On the outside

20
Q

From what nucleus do parasympathetic fibres of the oculomotor nerve emerge?

A

Edinger Wesphal nucleus

21
Q

What are the four parasympathetic nuclei?

A

Edinger Westphal
Superior salivary
Inferior salivary
Dorsal motor

22
Q

What are the four ganglia associated with parasympathetics in the head and neck?

A

Ciliary
Submandibular
Pterygopalatine
Otic

23
Q

After the ciliary ganglion, what do the postganglionic parasympathetic fibres of CN III hitch hike onto?

A

Branches of the trigeminal nerve (as do all postganglionic PS fibres)

24
Q

What do parasympathetics of the oculomotor nerve do to the iris?

A

Constricts it

25
Q

What is the consensual light reflex?

A

Response on one side of the body when the other side has been stimulated

26
Q

Why does the consensual light reflex happen?

A

Because the afferent signal sent through one optic nerve connects to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, whose axons run to both the right and the left oculomotor nerves.

27
Q

What do parasympathetics of the oculomotor nerve do to the lens?

A

Fatten it - contract ciliary muscle

28
Q

After passing through the internal auditory meatus, where do parasympathetics of the facial nerve enter?

A

Petrous bone, where it gives off a few branches

29
Q

What are the two main branches of parasympathetics given off by the facial nerve in the petrous bone?

A

Greater petrosal nerve and chorda tympani

30
Q

At which point does the greater petrosal nerve branch off?

A

At the point of geniculate ganglion

31
Q

What is the target tissue of the greater petrosal nerve?

A

Lacrimal gland, palatine and nasal glands

32
Q

Where is the pterygopalatine ganglion?

A

In the pterygopalatine fossa

33
Q

What is the ganglion associated with the greater petrosal nerve?

A

Pterygopalatine ganglion

34
Q

After passing through the pterygopalatine ganglion, what do postganglionic fibres of the facial nerve jump onto?

A

Branches of the trigeminal nerve

35
Q

What ganglion is associated with the chorda tympani nerve?

A

Submandibular ganglion

36
Q

How do parasympathetics get to the salivary glands (submandibular and sublingual)?

A

Join the chorda tympani nerve to the submandibular ganglion and then join branches of the trigeminal nerve

37
Q

What can facial nerve lesions cause?

A

Dry eye
Dry mouth
Loss of taste
Loss of muscles of facial expression

38
Q

What branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve gives sensory to the middle ear?

A

Tympanic nerve

39
Q

What is the target tissue of parasympathetics of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Parotid gland

40
Q

How do parasympathetics of the glossopharyngeal nerve reach the parotid gland?

A

Runs with tympanic nerve through petrous bone in middle ear, exits via lesser petrosal nerve, goes to otic ganglion, postganlionic fibres hitch hike onto CN V to reach parotid gland

41
Q

What is the vagus nerve in as it runs down the length of the neck?

A

Carotid sheath

ESA3 - Head and Neck (17 decks)

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