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C1 Modules > The cortex - limbic lobe > Flashcards

The cortex - limbic lobe Flashcards

1
Q

What was Limbus used for by the middle ages?

A

Border or margin of a structure

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2
Q

What is part of the brain surrounding the brainstem?

A

Cingulate gyrus (border)

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3
Q

What did Broca define the limbic lobe as?

A
  1. L-lobe
  2. L-system
  3. L-cortex
  4. L-Function
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4
Q

What is Limbic system involved in?

A

Emotions

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5
Q

What are included in the Limbic system?

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Part of thalamus
  3. Amygdala
  4. Hippocampus
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6
Q

Why is it difficult to do experiment on fear, hate, love or disgust?

A

All bundled into 1 thing - limbic

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7
Q

What is the Grand lobe limbic divided into?

A
  1. Outer Limbic gyrus

2. Intralimbic gyrus

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8
Q

What does the Outer Limbic Gyrus consist of?

A
  1. Subcullosal Gyrus
  2. Cingulate Gyrus
  3. Isthmus
  4. Parahippocampal Gyrus
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9
Q

What does the Inner Intralimbic gyrus consist of?

A

Anterior
- Prehippo rudiment

Superior

  • Indusium griseum
  • Longitudinal striae

Inferior
- Hippocampus

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10
Q

What is the hippocampus anatomy?

A

2 Grey matter sheaths which are C-shaped and interlocked

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11
Q

What are the 2 layers of grey matter in the hippocampus?

A
  1. Cornu Ammonis

2. Dentate Gyrus

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12
Q

What are the white matter at the surface of the hippocampus?

A
  1. Fimbria

2. Alveus

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13
Q

What makes the alveus?

A

White myelinated fibres that cover ventricular parts of hippocampus

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14
Q

What is Fimbria?

A

White matter tracts that contain afferent and efferent fibres of hippocampus, travels along hippocampus

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15
Q

What do you find on most of the brain?

A

6 layered cortex
newest in development e.g. neocortex

Isocortex - always 6 layers

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16
Q

What can have either 3 or 10 layers?

A

Archicortex and periarchicortex

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17
Q

What is the oldest cortex?

A

Paleocortex

Around olfactory region

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18
Q

What is found in the archicortex and periarchicortex?

A

Insula

Limbic lobe

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19
Q

What is found in the Allocortex?

A
  1. Hippocampus
  2. Prox subiculum
  3. Indusium griseum
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20
Q

What is found in the Archi(periallo)?

A

Cingulate

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21
Q

What is found in the Peri-Archi?

A

Parahipp- Insula

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22
Q

What did another group define the limbic lobe as?

A

All non-isocortical parts of the cortical mantle is the limbic lobe

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23
Q

What does the non-isocortical parts include?

A

Hippocampus and adjacent cortical areas
Cingulate
Parahippocampus

Olfactory cortex; caudal orbital & medial prefrontal cortex, part of the temporal pole large part of insula

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24
Q

What are all non-isocortical parts of the cortical mantle?

A
  1. Amygdala
  2. Nucleus basalis
  3. Hypothalamus
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25
Q

The signal intensity on FLAIR image is hyperintensive

A
  1. Allo/Archi > Isocortex

2. Limbic + Insula > Other lobes

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26
Q

What is found on the brighter side in comparison to the neocortex?

A
  1. Paleocortex
  2. Cortex
  3. Cingulate
  4. Insula
  5. Old cortex olfactory
  6. Hippocampus
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27
Q

What has a higher signal than the other lobes/ cortices/ Isocortex?

A
  1. Archicortex
  2. Periarchicortex
  3. Insula
  4. Limbic lobe
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28
Q

DWI SI

A

Limbic > Insula > Other lobe

29
Q

What are the 4 subregions of the cingulate gyrus?

A
  1. Ant-cing cortex
  2. Mid-cing cortex
  3. Post-cing cortex
  4. Retrosplenical cortex

No anatomical boundaries

30
Q

How many gyri does the Insula have?

A 
5
3 short (ant) and 2 long (post)

separated by the central sulci Insula

31
Q

What is the triangle of the Insula surrounded by?

A

Limen Insula

32
Q

What is central sulcus?

A

Boundary between anterior and posterior from morphological and functional point of view

33
Q

Anterior

A

Motor

34
Q

Posterior

A

Sensory

35
Q

What are the evidence for the cytoarchitectionic concepts?

A

Anterior to CS, certain cells called pyramidal cells, posteriorly you have granular cells

36
Q

What are the cytoarchitectonic of Insula?

A

Anterior: Agranular
CSI
Posterior: Granular

37
Q

What is continuous?

A

CS + CSI

38
Q

What is the organisation vector of Insular?

A

Radial (Not AP)

39
Q

How are the connections and function of cortex [Insula, Limbic lobe]

A
  1. Structural
  2. Functional
  3. DTI Tractography
  4. fMRI
40
Q

What is Anterior Insula?

A

Granular

- Amygdala, Hippocampus, EC, BA6

41
Q

What is Middle Insula?

A

Dysgranular

- BA44

42
Q

What is Posterior Insula?

A

Granular

BA45, SI, SPL, IPL

43
Q

How do you define the cortex?

A

By its connections

44
Q

What is fMRI connectivity?

A

Three subregions identified with cluster analysis

Ventral anterior insula (red), dorsal anterior to middle insula (orange), and posterior insula (yellow).

45
Q

What are the functional domains?

A
  1. Sensori-motor
  2. Chemical-sensory
  3. Cognition
  4. Social-emotional
46
Q

What are examples of sensori-motor?

A
  1. Interoception
  2. Somatosensation
  3. Pain
  4. Motion
47
Q

What are examples of chemical-sensory?

A
  1. Olfaction

2. Gustation

48
Q

What are examples of cognition?

A
  1. Attention
  2. Language
  3. Speech
  4. Working memory
  5. Memory
49
Q

What are examples of social-emotional?

A
  1. Emotion

2. Empathy

50
Q

What is anterior insula activated by?

A
  1. Word generation> repetition
  2. Synaptic processing during comprehension
  3. Automatic speech production > word retrieval
  4. Overt picture naming
  5. Overt > covert articulation
  6. Pseudo-words > words
  7. phonological > semantic decision on written word
51
Q

What are anterior Insula also activated by?

A
  1. Melody production, whistling

2. Subsyllable verbal utterances

52
Q

What are post Insula activated by?

A
  1. Voluntary control of breathing
    (non-verbal orofacial function, lip-tongue movement + vocalisation)
  2. Mouth movement interfere with regular breathing pattern
53
Q

What are the problems with Neurological Model?

A
  1. Too simplistic

2. No theory to explain inter-patient variability

54
Q

What are the alternative for neurological model?

A

Instead of 1 motor area there are multiple speech production areas

Instead of 1 sensory area - multiple comprehension area

55
Q

What are the function of Insula?

A
  1. Articulatory coding and motor programming
  2. Coordination of (up to 100) muscles engaged in articulate and phonation
  3. Control of breathing
56
Q

What is the consequence of small lesion in area of Insula?

A

Apraxia of speech

57
Q

What are the functions of the Insular cortex?

A
  1. Primary sensory areas
  2. Gustatory
  3. General Viscero-sensory
  4. Somatosensory
  5. Vestibular
58
Q

What does Galvanic stimulation of mastoid act on?

A

CN 8 to elicit rotational or tilt sensation and tonic torsional eye moves

59
Q

What does PET activate?

A
  1. Insula
  2. Putamen, Caudate
  3. Anterior Cingulum
60
Q

Gustatory cortex

A
  1. Taste buds
  2. CN VII, IX, X
  3. Rostal Ncl of Solitary tract
  4. Hypothalamus and medial VPMpc (parvocellular)
  5. Insula
    1ry gust cortex (granular)
    2ry gust cortex (dysgr)
61
Q

Define general viscerosensation?

A

Feeling of ‘‘throwing up’’, having ‘‘something in the throat’’, ‘‘vibration in the stomach’’ or abdominal sensation

62
Q

Taste buds gustatory information

A

From taste buds gustatory information is transferred to the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) via the chorda tympani and the greater superior petrosal branches of the facial (VIIth), the lingual branch of the glossopharyngeal (IXth) and the superior laryngeal branch of the vagal (Xth) nerve. These nerve fibers are arranged topographically from rostral to caudal with the facial nerve endings being in the rostral parts of the NST and the vagal nerve fibers ending in its caudal part. After the first relay of the taste neurons, gustatory information travels to the hypothalamus and the parvocellular ventromedian nucleus (VPMpc) of the thalamus in primates

63
Q

stimulation of the Gustatory

A

Back of oral cavity/tongue Often unpleasant bad, nasty Metallic /aluminum Facial expression of disgust

64
Q

Viscero-sensory cortex?

A 
External medial parabranchial ncl
Caudal Ncl of Solitary tract
Lateral VPMpc (ventromedian)
Insula (gr) 		Organotopic	
	 	Anterior		GI
		Posterior	Cardiov/breathing
65
Q

What is the evidence for the hypothesis of Insula being the central cortical projection of NST

A

Insular lesion that produced isolated dysphagia

66
Q

What is the definition of general somatosensation?

A 
''Tingling''
''Feeling of pulsation''
''Feeling of vibration''
''Feeling of numbness''
in different body parts contralateral
67
Q

What elicited whole body sensations?

A

Two electrode contacts in the most ventral part of the posterior Insula

68
Q

Where was the specific and non-specific somatosensations localized?

A

Posterior-dorsal area of Insula

Immediately posterior to the viscerosensory sensations and gustatory responses

69
Q

Sensory areas detected in the ins human Insula

A

Electrocortical stimulation

  1. Gustation
  2. Thermosensation
  3. Pain
  4. Viscerosensation

C1 Modules (20 decks)

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