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C1 Modules > Spine workshop > Flashcards

Spine workshop Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 sections spine is composed of?

A
  1. Cervical
  2. Thoracic
  3. Lumbar
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2
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7

C1 + C2 are specialised in modified vertebrae to allow for rotation of the head

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3
Q

How many Thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12 and 12 ribs

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4
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

A

5

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5
Q

In cervical level, the spine arches slightly inward the jaw, what is the curvature called?

A

Lordosis

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6
Q

What is the curvature called where the spine arches out slightly at chest level

A

Kyphosis

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7
Q

What does lumbar vertebrae have a role in?

A

Axial loading

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8
Q

What is found right at the bottom of spine below lumbar?

A

Sacrum [which is a fused spine]

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9
Q

What does sacral spine consist of?

A

5 segments - S1-S5 that together affect nerve communication to the lower portion of body

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10
Q

What is L2?

A

Lowest vertebral segment that contains spinal cord

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11
Q

What is coccyx?

A

Known as tail bone

Small, triangular bone

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12
Q

How is lumbar vertebrae located?

A

Longer and more posterior located

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13
Q

How is cervical vertebrae located?

A

Shorter and anterior located

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14
Q

Why is there a hole in the cervical spine?

A

Allow for the passage of vertebral arteries

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15
Q

What is vertebrae divided into?

A

Anterior and posterior portion

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16
Q

Anterior portion of vertebrae

A

Vertebral body +/- transverse process

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17
Q

Posterior portion of vertebrae

A

Linked by the pedicle

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18
Q

What is the pedicle?

A

Stub of bone that connects lamina to vertebral body to form the vertebral arch

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19
Q

What does pedicle form?

A

2 obliquely orientated bits of bone, the lamina

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20
Q

What makes up posterior wall of bony spinal canal?

A

Pair of laminae along with spinous process

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21
Q

What are bones attached together by?

A

Discs between bony elements anteriorly between vertebral body

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22
Q

What are posterior element linked by?

A

Facet joints

23
Q

What does lamina link to?

A

Superior articulate facet and inferior articulate facet

24
Q

Where is lamina difficult to see?

A

coronal and AP view

25
Q

Lamina goes from pedicle and joins to form what?

A

Spinous process

26
Q

T2 weighted sequence

A

Fluid is bright
Fat is bright
Tissues are in varying shades of grey

27
Q

What is spinal befida?

A

A fault in the development of spinal cord and surrounding bones

28
Q

What is pars interarticularis?

A

Small segments of bone that joins the facet joints in the back of spine

Defect = spondylolysis

29
Q

Why does facet joints slide on each other?

A

To allow us to bend and flex

30
Q

T1 weighted sequence (sagittal)

A

Fluid is dark
Fat is bright
Bone is a bit brighter than fluid
A bit of fat in the bone marrow

31
Q

STIR = Inversion recovery pulse sequence

A

suppress various tissue signal

suppress fat therefore dark

32
Q

When is STIR useful

A

Patients where there is a suspicion of fracture/trauma patients
pick up subtle fractures

33
Q

What is found in between vertebral bodies?

A

Intervertebral discs

34
Q

What does each intervertebral disc form?

A

Fibrocartilaginous joint - allow slight movement of vertebrae

Act as giant cushions

Gel-like substance in it

Seen on T2 weighted sequence

35
Q

What is Annulus fibrosis?

A

Sturdy-like structure that encases a gel-like centre, nucleus pulposus

Enhances the spine’s rotational stability and helps to resist compressive stress

Layered structure consisting of water and sturdy elastic collagen fibres

36
Q

What is nucleus pulposus?

A

Filled with gel-like elastic substance

Transmits stress and weight from vertebrae to vertebrae

37
Q

What is coated on top and bottom of each vertebral body?

A

End-plate

38
Q

What are endplates?

A

Complex structures that blend into intervertebral disc and help hold disc in place

39
Q

What are the important spaces?

A
  1. Extra-dural space
  2. Sub-dural space
  3. Sub-arachnoid space
40
Q

What is found in the intramedullary?

A
  1. Pial
  2. Subpial
  3. Grey matter
41
Q

How do you characterise lesions in the spinal cord?

A

Whether they are intramedullary or extamedullary

42
Q

What do peripheral lesion involve?

A

White matter

43
Q

Where is compression and infarction observed in?

A

Anterior horn of grey matter

44
Q

What are examples of inflammatory disease that affects both grey matter and white matter?

A
  1. Transverse myelitis
  2. Neuromyeliths optica
  3. Multiple sclerosis
  4. Cross sectional ischemia
45
Q

what help differentiate what lesion it is ?

A

Grey matter

White matter

46
Q

What gets supressed in the STIR?

A

Fat

47
Q

Where does C8 leave spinal cord?

A

Below C7 vertebrae

48
Q

What is ossification?

A

Bone overgrowth

49
Q

When does the disc bulge?

A

more than 25% of disc circumference

50
Q

<25%

A

Protrusion

Base is wider than apex

51
Q

<25%

A

Extrusion

Apex is bigger than base

52
Q

What are the classification of spinal lesion?

A
  1. Extra-dural: outside thecal sac (including bone lesion)
  2. Intradural extramedullary = within thecaql sac but outside cord
  3. Intramedullary = within spinal cord
53
Q

What is Intramedullary?

A

When spinal cord is expanded

C1 Modules (20 decks)

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