Basal Ganglia

Question 1

What are the components of Basal Ganglia?

Answer 1

1. Corpus Stratium
2. Substantia Nigra
3. Subthalamic nucleus
4. Ventral Stratium and ventral pallidum

Question 2

What does the corpus stratium include?

Answer 2

1. Stratium - Caudate nucleus and putamen

2. Pallidum - Globus pallidus (GP)

Question 3

What does the Substantia Nigra contain?

Answer 3

1. Pars Compacta (SNc)

2. Pars Reticulata (SNr)

Question 4

What does the ventral stratium and ventral pallidum contain?

Answer 4

1. Nucleus Accumbens Septi

2. Non-Cholinergic portion of Substantia Innominata

Question 5

What is substantia nigra involved in?

Answer 5

1. Globus pallidum

2. Subthalamic nucleusn

Question 6

What are the treatment for Basal Ganglia?

Answer 6

Functional stereotactic NSG

1. Ablation
2. DBS

Question 7

What are the guidance for Basal Ganglia?

Answer 7

1. Atlas based - microelectrode recording
2. Direct targeting (MR/CT)
3. Grids/metal - orientate yourself in space

Question 8

What are MR guidance for Basal Ganglia?

Answer 8

1. Accuracy/safety
2. Optimal technique
3. Knowledge of anatomy

Question 9

What are the subdivision of Basal Ganglia?

Answer 9

1. Corpus stratium
2. Claustrum
3. Amygdala
4. Closely related: subthalamus and substantia Nigra

Question 10

What is the division of Corpus Stratium?

Answer 10

Neostratium - caudate and putamen

Paleostriatum - Pallidum

Lentiform nucleus

Question 11

What is Lentiform nucleus?

Answer 11

A combination of putamen and pallidum

Question 12

What are the dorsal and ventral division of Corpus Stratium?

Answer 12

1. Dorsal - Caudate and putamen

2. Ventral - Nucleus Accumbens and Olfactory tubercle

Question 13

How are Caudate and Putamen connected?

Answer 13

Anteriorly in the region of Nucleus Accumbens

Question 14

What does stria connect?

Answer 14

Putamen to caudate

Question 15

What is pallidum separated by?

Answer 15

Putamen by external medullary lamina

Question 16

What is the order of identifying the corpus stratium?

Answer 16

Cortex of Insula –> Extreme capsule –> Claustrum – >External capsule –> Putamen –> Internal Capsule –> Caudate

Question 17

What is the landmark for Corpus Stratium?

Answer 17

Anterior Commissure

Question 18

What does the pallidum contain?

Answer 18

Iron

Question 19

What is the function of Internal Capsule?

Answer 19

Connects from cortex goes down to the cord to other structures

It is very dense

Question 20

How do you identify the internal medullary lamina as?

Answer 20

Lateral border

Question 21

What are the Substantia Nigra divided into?

Answer 21

1. Pars Reticularis (ant)

2. Pars Compacta (post)

Question 22

What are Pars Reticularis?

Answer 22

1. Intermingled with fibres of crus cerebri
2. Continuous with GP
3. Dense striatonigral fibres
4. GABA receptors

Question 23

What are Pars Compacta?

Answer 23

1. Highly cellular, melanin

2. Dopamine receptors

Question 24

Where does the pathology of Parkinson’s occur?

Answer 24

Pars Compacta

Loss of Dopamine

Question 25

What is the aqueduct?

Answer 25

Connects the third ventricle with the fourth ventricle

Question 26

What does mesencephalon consist of?

Answer 26

1. Peduncle

2. Tegmentum and Tectum

Question 27

What is the shape of Substantia Nigra?

Answer 27

1. Semilunar (concave post)

Question 28

What is the thickness of Substantia Nigra?

Answer 28

1. Oblique coronal 4mm

2. Axial 1.7mm

Question 29

What is the sequence of Substantia Nigra?

Answer 29

1. T2 hypointensity

2. PD, Fast STIR

Question 30

What is the shape of Subthalamic Nucleus?

Answer 30

1. Biconvex lens-shaped

It is oblique in all 3 planes

Question 31

What are the dimensions of Subthalamic nucleus?

Answer 31

1. 13.2 (R-C)
2. 6 (M-L)
3. 3 (A-P)mm

Question 32

What are the orientation of Subthalamic Nucleus?

Answer 32

Axial 20° Sagittal 35 ° Coronal 55 °

Question 33

Where is MTT visualised?

Answer 33

Underneath the fornix
posterior ones

2-4 mm below AC-PC
STN tip - MTT
Lateral 5.9 mm SD 0.7
A-P 0.1 mm SD 0.7