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C1 Modules > Auditory system > Flashcards

Auditory system Flashcards

1
Q

What is Sound?

A

The physical properties of sound wave

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2
Q

What is the ear?

A

Hardware that collects the sound

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3
Q

What is sensory transduction?

A

Conversion of sound to neural activity

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4
Q

What is hearing for?

A
  1. Language
  2. Music
  3. Aware of the environment
  4. Echo-location and navigation
  5. Communication
  6. Vigilance
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5
Q

What is sound?

A

A wave which is created by vibrating objects and propagated through a medium from one location to another

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6
Q

What are examples of a medium?

A
  1. Air
  2. Water
  3. Mole
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7
Q

What are the roles of sound/?

A
  1. Time variant pressure
  2. Space variant pressure

From sound source to your ears

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8
Q

What are periods of high pressure called?

A

Compressions

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9
Q

What are contrast with periods of low pressure called?

A

Rarefaction

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10
Q

What is Rarefaction?

A

Reduction of an item’s density

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11
Q

How do you measure amplitude?

A

Compare maximum and minimum pressure

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12
Q

What are sound amplitude associated with?

A

Loudness

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13
Q

What is the frequency of the sound?

A

How many cycles are there in one second (5 Hz)

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14
Q

What is period/cycle?

A

Time it takes to move from one position of wave to the next position

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15
Q

The higher the frequency

A

The higher the pitch of the sound

The faster it is oscillating

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16
Q

Define phase

A

Describes the relative position on a wave, whether you are in a peak, trough or somewhere in between

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17
Q

What is a pure tone?

A

Simplest sort of wave that can be understood

A steady sound without overtone

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18
Q

Sine wave

A

Oscillates up and down
e.g. whistling, birdsong, simple musical instrument

Sine wave shape is unchanged by linear time-invariant system

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19
Q

What is a complex wave?

A

A wave made up of a series of sound wave

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20
Q

What is fourier analysis?

A

Take complex wave and describe it as the sum of sinusoid with different frequencies and different amplitudes

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21
Q

What is the basis of Fourier analysis?

A

The ability to describe any sound of the world

Broken down into different sine components

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22
Q

What do different frequencies have?

A

Different amplitudes

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23
Q

What is a spectra?

A

Reveals information about sound waves

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24
Q

What are peaks in the spectrum called?

A

Harmonics

Occur at integer multiples of fundamental frequency pitch 0

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25
Q

What does fundamental frequency determine?

A

Pitch

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26
Q

What is the shape of envelope associated with?

A

Timbre of instrument

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27
Q

What is timbre?

A

Allows ear to distinguish sounds which have same pitch and loudness

Relates to instrument identity

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28
Q

What are spectrograms?

A

visual representation of the spectrum of frequencies of a signal as it varies with time

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29
Q

What are formants?

A

each of several prominent bands of frequency that determine the phonetic quality of a vowel.

Frequency shaping of the signal from focal folds by the vocal tract

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30
Q

What do movement of format change?

A

Identity of sound

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31
Q

What are real environments?

A

Spectro-temporally complex and individual sound sources are hard to isolate

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32
Q

What is found on the outer ear?

A
  1. Pinna

Visible part of the ear (Auricle) - special helical shape

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33
Q

What are the shape of the ears designed to do?

A

Collect sound from the environment and funnel it into the ear canal (External auditory meatus)

34
Q

What does the outer ear do?

A

Conduct vibration through sround to ear (Tympanic membrane)

35
Q

What is tympanic membrane?

A

Membrane that seals the air canal and vibrates in response to sound energy

36
Q

What is present in the middle ear?

A

Eustachian tube

37
Q

What is the Eustachian tube?

A

Tube that connects ears to nose and mouth

38
Q

What is the consequence of swallowing?

A

Open the Eustachian Tube

39
Q

What are the components of the Ear bones (ossicles)?

A
  1. Hammer = Malleus
  2. Anvil = Incus
  3. Stirrup = Stapes
40
Q

What is the function of the ear bone?

A

Impedance matching

41
Q

What does the ear bone allow us to do?

A

Take tympanic membrane with a large surface area, Collect a lot of sound energy and apply that to a much lower surface area called the oval window

42
Q

What does Stapes have?

A

Smaller surface area - Allow us to match impedance property of inner and outer ear

43
Q

What are ear muscles connected to?

A
  1. Stapedius

2. Tensor tympani

44
Q

What do ear muscles control?

A

Movement of ear bone and gain of ear bone

45
Q

What does the inner ear consist of?

A
  1. Semicircular canal (vestibular)

2. Cochlear (hearing)

46
Q

What causes Basilar membrane to move up and down?

A

The movement of ear bone and oval window

47
Q

What does the position of movement of basilar membrane depend on?

A

Frequency of sound

48
Q

High pitch sound

A

Maximum movement at the base of cochlea

49
Q

When does the position of maximum movement change.?

A

As sounds get lower in frequency

50
Q

What is the displacement of basilar membrane?

A

Frequency dependent

51
Q

What do low frequency sound cause?

A

Displacement at apex of cochlea

52
Q

What do high frequency sound cause?

A

Displacement at the base of cochlea

53
Q

What is Tonotopicity?

A

Relationship between place and frequency

Biological version of Fourier Analysis

Take any complex sound and decompose it into a pattern of movement on basilar membrane

54
Q

What is place code?

A

Where the membrane vibrates, tells you what frequency the sound was

55
Q

What creates a tonotopic representation of sound along basilar membrane?

A

Relationship between frequency and membrane

56
Q

Detecting displacement

A

Filling

no. of different cells - Outer hair cells and Inner hair cells

57
Q

What do inner hair cells detect?

A

Movement of basilar membrane caused by sound

58
Q

What is sensory transduction?

A

Conversion of mechanical energy in sound waves to electrochemical energy in neural activity

59
Q

What is each hair of hair cell called?

A

Stereocilium

60
Q

What do each stereocilium have?

A

Mechanosensitive cation channels

placed on top of each membrane

61
Q

How are each channel linked to the adjacent stereocilium?

A

Physical structures called Tip Link

62
Q

What are the stages of hair bundle?

A
  1. Movement of hair bundle by sound
  2. Cation (K+) into hair cells
  3. Depolarisation of hair cells
  4. Synaptic vesicle release
63
Q

What do stereocilia detect?

A

Displacement of basilar membrane

64
Q

What are present in the base of hair cells?

A

Dendrites of auditory nerve fibres

pathway that lead to the brain

65
Q

What are synaptic ribbons?

A

Specialised structures in the hair cells that allow communication of nerve fibres very quickly

66
Q

What do synaptic ribbons detect?

A

very rapid signal

Sound are very fast

67
Q

What are auditory system specialised for?

A

Speed

68
Q

Where are the signal about sound encoded in?

A

Action potential of neurons

69
Q

What do each auditory nerve fibre take in?

A

Frequency dependence of basilar membrane

70
Q

What do outer hair cells do?

A

Amplify quiet sounds

71
Q

Autoacoustic commission

A

Diagnosing hearing loss in young children that can’t talk

72
Q

What are the components of the ascending pathway?

A
  1. Cochlear nucleus
  2. Superior Olivary complex
  3. Inferior colliculus
  4. Medial Geniculate body
  5. Auditory cortex
73
Q

What is the function of medial geniculate body?

A

Control centre to filter out signal that are going to cortex

74
Q

Where is auditory cortex located?

A

Superior Temporal gyrus

75
Q

What are 3 parts of auditory cortex in humans?

A
  1. Primary (core) - Heschl’s Gyrus - BA41
  2. Secondary (Belt) - lateral surface of brain
  3. Tertiary (para-belt)
76
Q

What are the roles of descending auditory pathway?

A
  1. Predictive coding
  2. Attentional modulation
  3. Gain control
77
Q

What is predictive coding?

A

Minimize responses to expected sounds

78
Q

What is attentional modulation?

A

Enhance coding of interesting sounds

79
Q

What is Gain control?

A

Optimize auditory processing for current circumstances

80
Q

Hearing loss

A
  1. Conductive
  2. Sensorineural
  3. Central
81
Q

What are examples of Hearing Dysfunction?

A
  1. Tinnitus
  2. Hyperacusis
  3. Auditory hallucinations
  4. Auditory processing disorder
82
Q

What are examples of recovering auditory function?

A
  1. Hearing aids - amplify sound level in ear canal
  2. Grommets - Allow fluid to escape middle ear
  3. Brain stimulation - suppress tinnitus - electrode on cortex
  4. Cochlea implant - Stimulate auditory nerve

C1 Modules (20 decks)

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