Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

C1 Modules > CNS - Embryology > Flashcards

CNS - Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What does the nervous system consist of?

A

Central and peripheral nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of?

A
  1. Brain

2. Spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system contain?

A
  1. Cranial and spinal nerve
  2. Ganglia
  3. Plexuses
  4. Sensory receptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What happens in the first week of human embryology?

A

From ovulation to implantation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What happens following fertilisation?

A

The nervous system begins to form in 3rd week of development: ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What happens during fertilisation?

A
  1. Fallopian tubes
  2. Sperm and egg = zygote
  3. 1st cell of a new Individual
  4. Results from fusion of DNA sperm and egg
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Morula

A

96h after fertilization

32 cells raspberry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Late blastocyst

A

5 day after fertilisation

64 cells surrounding a fluid-filled cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is implantation?

A

Fastening of the blastocyst in uterine wall, 7d after fertilisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Role of Trophoblast

A

Forming outer layer of blastocyst

Which provide nutrient to embryo and develop into large parts of placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When does Gastrulation happen?

A

Second week of development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is Gastrulation?

A

Single layered Blastula reorganises into 3 layered Gastrula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is outer layer of Gastrulation?

A

Syncytiotrophoblasts

Secrets B-hcg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens during Gastrulation?

A

3 distinct germ layers are formed:

  1. Ectoderm
  2. Endoderm
  3. Mesoderm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are examples of Ectoderm?

A

Outer layer

  1. Skin
  2. Hair
  3. Sweat glands
  4. Epithelium
  5. Brain and nervous system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are examples of Mesoderm?

A

Middle layer

  1. Body muscles
  2. Cartilage
  3. Bone
  4. Reproductive system organs and kidneys
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are examples of Endoderm?

A

Inner layer

  1. Digestive and respiratory system
  2. Liver
  3. Pancreas
  4. Gall bladder
  5. Thyroid and parathyroid glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is Neurulation?

A

The process of folding neural plate and closure of neural tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does notochord induce?

A

Ectoderm in dorsal midline to thicken and form neural plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What happens at the edges of neural plate?

A

The neural fold bend towards each other

Meet dorsally and form neural tube and overlying epidermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happens during 3rd and 4th week gestation?

A
  1. Development of early neural tube is initiated by indentation along midline of neural plate forming the neural groove
  2. Deepening of the groove creates the flanking neural fold
  3. Pinched off from overlying ectoderm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are neural crest cells?

A

A special group of cells break off from the neural fold during formation of neural tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where does neural crest cells emerge from?

A

Between neural tube and epidermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does progenitor cells of neural tube undergo?

A

Multiple division to form CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are examples of neural crest cells differentiation?

A
  1. Sensory neurons
  2. Autonomic ganglion cells
  3. Chromaffin cells
  4. Schwann cells
  5. Melanocytes
  6. Connective tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are examples of sensory neurons of neural crest cells differentiation?

A
  1. CN V, VII, IX, X

2. Sensory Ganglia (dorsal root) of spinal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are examples of autonomic ganglion cells of neural crest cells differentiation?

A
  1. Postganglionic neuron of para and pre-vertebral Ganglia sympathetic nervous system
  2. Postganglionic neuron of parasympathetic nervous system (visceral organ)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is an example of chromaffin cells?

A

Adrenal Medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is an example of Schwann cells?

A

Myelin in peripheral nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is an example of melanocytes?

A

Pigment containing cells of the epidermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is an example of connective tissue

A

Many of the skeletal and connective tissue components of head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is an example of mesoderm?

A
  1. Smooth muscle cells
  2. Osteoblasts/osteoclasts
  3. Adipocytes
  4. Chondrocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are examples of ectoderm?

A
  1. Melanocytes
  2. Schwann cells
  3. Neurons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Where does neural tube closure proceed ?

A

Both rostrally and caudally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

If neural tube closure is incomplete caudally

A

A child is born with spina bifida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

If closure is incomplete rostrally

A

The brain will not develop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

When is the CNS completely enclosed within embryo ?

A

Embryonic day 28

38
Q

What happens during 5th week of development?

A

Swellings appear at cranial end of neural tube

3 primitive vesicles appear first
Subsequently develop into 5 secondary vesicles

39
Q

What does the primitive vesicles give rise to?

A

Structures of brain and cerebellum as well as the ventricular system

40
Q

What does the 3 primitive vesicles give rise to?

A
  1. Forebrain
  2. Midbrain
  3. Hindbrain
41
Q

What does the prosencephalon divide into?

A

3 parts

Two-part Telencephalon and Diencephalon

42
Q

Where does the paired telencephalic vesicles bulge out from?

A

Laterally from midline diencephalon

43
Q

What are examples of Telencephalon?

A
  1. Cerebrum
  2. Cerebral hemisphere (cortex, white matter, basal nucleus)

Location: lateral ventricles

44
Q

What are examples of Diencephalon?

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Epithalamus
  4. Retina

Location: 3rd ventricle

45
Q

What are examples of mesencephalon?

A

Midbrain

  1. Brainstem
  2. Cerebral aqueduct

Lumen: cerebral aqueduct

46
Q

What is the hindbrain named?

A

Rhombencephalon

47
Q

What does the Rhombencephalon divide into?

A
  1. More rostrally metencephalon

2. More caudal myelencephalon

48
Q

What does the lumen of hindbrain become?

A

4th ventricle

49
Q

What are the divisions of hindbrain?

A
  1. Metencephalon

2. Myelencephalon

50
Q

What are examples of metencephalon?

A
  1. Brainstem: pons, cerebellum
51
Q

What are examples of myelencephalon?

A
  1. Brainstem: Medulla oblongata

2. Spinal cord: central canal

52
Q

What are the cranial nerve of forebrain?

A
  1. Telencephalon - olfactory (I)

2. Diencephalon - optic (II)

53
Q

What are the cranial nerves of mesencephalon?

A

CN III + IV

54
Q

What are the cranial nerves for metencephalon and myelencephalon?

A
  1. Metencephalon - Trigeminal (V)

2. Myelencephalon - CN VI -XI

55
Q

What develops to form the spinal cord?

A

The caudal end

56
Q

What forms the brain and cerebellum?

A

The cranial end of neural tube

57
Q

What becomes the dorsal horn (sensory)?

A

Cells on the dorsal side from alar plate

58
Q

What becomes the central horn (motor)?

A

Cells on the central end from basal plate

59
Q

What are the 3 zones that the CNS is composed of?

A
  1. Ventricular zone
  2. Intermediate zone
  3. Marginal zone
60
Q

What is the ventricular zone?

A

Site where mitosis occurs

61
Q

What is the intermediate zone?

A

Cellular area that contains post mitotic neuron and forms CNS gray matter

62
Q

What is the marginal zone?

A

Axonal region that becomes CNS white matter

63
Q

What does the dorsal spinal cord primarily contain?

A

Neurons relation to sensory function while motor neurons reside in the central spinal cord

64
Q

Where are dorsal root Ganglia derived from?

A

Neural crest cells and are part of peripheral nervous system

65
Q

What are the stem cell that proliferate in ventricular zone of neural tube?

A
  1. Neurons

2. Glial cells

66
Q

What is the growth phase in neural tube (G1)?

A

The newly divided cells begin by extending a narrow cyclinder of cytoplasm to the outer surface of neural tube at the pia mater

The nucleus and cytoplasm surrounding it then move through this cyclinder toward the outer surface

67
Q

What is the DNA synthesis phase in neural tube?

A

The nucleus approaches the outer surface and starts to replicate its DNA

68
Q

What is the mitosis preparation phase (G2) in neural tube?

A

Nucleus migrate back toward central canal of neural tube while cell continues to develop

69
Q

What does the central nervous system progenitor cell have?

A

Processes attached to both inner and outer surfaces of neural tube

70
Q

When are neurons generated?

A

Before glial cells

71
Q

What are the human embryo spinal cord?

A

Mantle layer (Intermediaye layer): grey matter

Marginal layer: white matter

Alar plate: sensory

Basal plate: motor

72
Q

What does sulcus limitan separate?

A

Alar plate from basal plate

73
Q

Where does motor nuclei developing from basal plate lie?

A

Centrally near midline

74
Q

Where does sensory nuclei arising from alar plate lie?

A

More laterally and dorsally

75
Q

What does Ancephaly result from?

A

Failure of neural tube to close at cephalic end, leading to partial absence of brain and skull

76
Q

What does Spina bifida result from?

A

Incomplete closure of neural tube at caudal end (most commonly in lumbar region)

77
Q

What are the 3 main types of Spina bifida?

A
  1. Spina bifida occutta (malformation of the spine)
  2. Meningocele (protective membrane around spinal cord push out through spine)
  3. Myelomeningocele (defect of backbone and spinal cord)
78
Q

What are factors that increase the risk of Spina bifida?

A
  1. Low folic acid intake during pregnancy
  2. Family history of Spina bifida
  3. Medication (e.g. valproate and carbamazepine)
  4. Genetic conditions - occur alongside Patau’s syndrome, Edward’s syndrome or Down syndrome
79
Q

What is Spina Bifida occulta?

A
  1. Mildest form
  2. Incomplete closure of vertebrae, without protrusion of spinal cord
  3. Discovery is often incidental
80
Q

What is meningocele?

A

Meningeal cyst

  1. Least common form
  2. Meninges protrude between vertebrae posteriorly, but spinal cord is undamaged
81
Q

What is myelomeningocele?

A
  1. Most severe form
  2. Portion of spinal cord remains infused and protrude posteriorly through opening between vertebrae’s in a sac formed by meninges
  3. Associates with severe disability
82
Q

What are the many disabilities with myelomeningocele?

A
  1. Paralysis
  2. Difficulty with bowel and bladder control
  3. Chiari II malformation
  4. Hydrocephalus (excessive fluid in brain)
  5. Developmental delay
83
Q

What is used to treat hydrocephalus?

A

Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt

84
Q

What is considered to be a treatment option for some cases of myelomeningocele?

A

Fetal surgery

85
Q

What happens during the 5th week of embryonic development?

A

The neural tube begins to bend and fold

86
Q

What happens as the forebrain expand rapidly?

A

The skull restricts further anterior growth and thus forebrain grows posteriorly

87
Q

What does the expanding cerebral hemisphere eventually cover?

A

Diencephalon and much of the brainstem

88
Q

What forms the characteristic grooves and ridges?

A

The smooth surface of cerebral cortex gradually fold inward

89
Q

Where does the neural tube bend?

A
  1. Midbrain
  2. Pontine
  3. Cervical flexure and continue
90
Q

What does space constraint in skull cause?

A

Majority of growing brain to be displaced posteriorly over brainstem

91
Q

What does synaptic pruning allow?

A

Unused synapses to be eliminated

C1 Modules (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions