The Cell and Cell Cycle Flashcards by Dyanne YJH

It is the functional unit of living organisms.

Cell

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

An organism can be unicellular or multicellular.

Cell

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The cells of multicellular organisms, such as humans, show a great variety of functional and morphological specializations.

Evolution

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The process by which cells assume specialized structure and function.

Differentiation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

aka “plasmalemma”

Plasma Membrane

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cell layer composed of bilayer of phospholipid molecules that are amphipathic.

Plasma Membrane

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Because of Amphipathic nature, phospholipids in aqueous solution will spontaneously form of a bilayer.

Plasma Membrane

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

hydrophilic (water loving), head, glycerol conjugated to a nitrogenous compound.

Polar

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

hydrophobic (water hating), tail, two-long chain fatty acids.

Non-polar

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Increased by the presence of UNSATURATED fatty acids, which prevent close packing on the hydrophobic cell.

Fluidy and Flexibility

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

largest organelles in the cell.

Nucleus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The control center of the cell, containing the “blueprint”.

Nucleus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Heterogenous structures with electron-dense and electron-lucent (light) areas.

Nuclei

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

dense areas (tightly-coiled inactive chromatin)

Heterochromatin — Nuclei

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

electron-lucent nuclear material that is active in RNA synthesis.

Euchromatin — Nuclei

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

HETEROCHROMATIN and EUCHROMATIN are called?

Chromatin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sites of ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribosome assembly.

Nucleolus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Ribosomal RNA and proteins, synthesized in the cytoplasm and imported back into the nucleus, are assembled into subunits.

Nucleolus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cytoplasmic organelles are suspended in fluid medium called? which many metabolic reactions takes place.

Cytosol

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

within the cytosol is?

— the cytoskeleton

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Provides structural support for the cells and its organelles, as well as providing mechanism for transfer of materials within the cell and movement of the cell itself.

Cytoskeleton

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the narrowest

Microfilaments

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

diameter of about 7 nm.

Microfilaments

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Made up of many linked monomers of a protein called “actin”, combined in a structure that resembles a double helix.

Microfilaments

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

also known as “actin filaments”.

Microfilaments

Actin is a key part of the cytoskeleton and is found in virtually all types of what?

Eukaryotic Cells

Serve as tracks for the movement of a motor protein called “_____”, which can also form filaments.

Myosin

A type of cytoskeletal element made of multiple strands of fibrous proteins wound together.

Intermediate Filaments

average diameter of 8 to 10 nm.

Intermediate Filaments

Found in many types of animal cells, but typically not in plants or fungi.

Intermediate Filaments

The largest of the three types of cytoskeletal fibers - diameter of about 25 nm.

Microtubules

Made up of tubulin proteins arranged to form a hollow, straw-like tube, and each tubulin protein consists of two subunits, αtubulin and β-tubulin.

Microtubules

They play a vital role in facilitating the reproduction of cells.

Centrioles

They engage in the arrangement of mitotic spindles during cell division.

Centrioles

it aids in cytokinesis.

Centrioles

it organizes the microtubules in the cytoplasm.

Centrioles

They regulate the position of the nucleus and other organelles in the cell.

Centrioles

are long, hair-like structures that extend outward from the plasma membrane and are used to move an entire cell.

Flagella (singular, flagellum)

Resemble flagella, but are shorter and can generally be divided into two different categories: motile cilia and primary cilia.

Cilia (singular, cilium)

Extensive system of flattened membrane bound tubules, saccules, and flattened cisterns.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Compartmentalizes the cytoplasm in which increases the surface area for biochemical synthesis.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Plays an important role in the modification of proteins and synthesis of lipids.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A general term for membrane structures that come in stacks and have a flattened-pancake structure.

Cisternae

It consists of a network of membranous tubules and flattened sacs.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Found near the nucleus and typically forms large, flat sheets.

Rough (ER)

is as a storage tank for calcium ions, which function in cell signaling.

Smooth (ER)

It produces lipids, including phospholipids, cholesterol and steroids, and glycolipids.

Smooth (ER)

Made up of a series of flattened stacked pouches called cisternae.

Golgi Apparatus

It is located in the cytoplasm next to the endoplasmic reticulum and near the cell nucleus.

Golgi Apparatus

Responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations.

Golgi Apparatus

The process of making ATP using the chemical energy found in glucose and other nutrients is called what?

Cellular respiration — Mitochondria

Oval-shaped organelles with two membranes.

Mitochondria

an outer one, surrounding the entire organelle, and an inner one, with many invaginations (inward protrusions) called?

Cistae

A membrane-bound cell organelle that contains “digestive enzymes”.

Lysosome

to remove waste as well as destroying a cell after it has died, called?

autolysis — lysosome

Are organelles that sequester diverse oxidative reactions and play important roles in metabolism, reactive oxygen species detoxification, and signaling.

Peroxisome

Are organelles found in plants and photosynthetic algae (protists), and their job is to carry out photosynthesis.

Chloroplast

2 types of cells

Mitosis & Meiosis

Division of somatic cells. (cell dvision)

Mitosis

Division that occurs only on gametic cells. (cell division)

Meiosis

Only human internal organ capable of natural regeneration of lost tissue.

Liver

aka “CELL DIVISION CYCLE”

Cell Cycle

last about 17-18 hours.

Cell Cycle

Series of events that takes place in a cell leading to its division and duplication (replication).

Cell Cycle

longest 9 hours (cell cycle)

Gap 1

chromosomes exist as single chromatids. (cell cycle)

Gap 1

cells are metabolically active. (cell cycle)

Gap 1

protein synthesis takes place. (cell cycle)

Gap 1

last about 5 hours. (cell cycle)

Synthesis

this is when the DNA synthesis occurs. (cell cycle)

Synthesis

DNA replicates itself and the chromosome then consist of two identical sister chromatids. (cell cycle)

Synthesis

last about 3 hours. (cell cycle)

Gap 2

during this phase, the cell prepares to undergo cell division. (cell cycle)

Gap 2

the completion of G2 represents the end of interphase. (cell cycle)

Gap 2

the Final Step in the cell cycle.

Mitosis (M)

last only 1-2 hours. (cell cycle)

Mitosis

Process by which cells reproduce themselves, creating two daughter cells that are genetically identical to one another and to the original parent cell. (cell cycle)

Mitosis (M)