The Cell and Cell Cycle Flashcards
It is the functional unit of living organisms.
Cell
An organism can be unicellular or multicellular.
Cell
The cells of multicellular organisms, such as humans, show a great variety of functional and morphological specializations.
Evolution
The process by which cells assume specialized structure and function.
Differentiation
aka “plasmalemma”
Plasma Membrane
Cell layer composed of bilayer of phospholipid molecules that are amphipathic.
Plasma Membrane
Because of Amphipathic nature, phospholipids in aqueous solution will spontaneously form of a bilayer.
Plasma Membrane
hydrophilic (water loving), head, glycerol conjugated to a nitrogenous compound.
Polar
hydrophobic (water hating), tail, two-long chain fatty acids.
Non-polar
Increased by the presence of UNSATURATED fatty acids, which prevent close packing on the hydrophobic cell.
Fluidy and Flexibility
largest organelles in the cell.
Nucleus
The control center of the cell, containing the “blueprint”.
Nucleus
Heterogenous structures with electron-dense and electron-lucent (light) areas.
Nuclei
dense areas (tightly-coiled inactive chromatin)
Heterochromatin — Nuclei
electron-lucent nuclear material that is active in RNA synthesis.
Euchromatin — Nuclei
HETEROCHROMATIN and EUCHROMATIN are called?
Chromatin
Sites of ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribosome assembly.
Nucleolus
Ribosomal RNA and proteins, synthesized in the cytoplasm and imported back into the nucleus, are assembled into subunits.
Nucleolus
Cytoplasmic organelles are suspended in fluid medium called? which many metabolic reactions takes place.
Cytosol
within the cytosol is?
— the cytoskeleton
Provides structural support for the cells and its organelles, as well as providing mechanism for transfer of materials within the cell and movement of the cell itself.
Cytoskeleton
the narrowest
Microfilaments
diameter of about 7 nm.
Microfilaments
Made up of many linked monomers of a protein called “actin”, combined in a structure that resembles a double helix.
Microfilaments
also known as “actin filaments”.
Microfilaments
Actin is a key part of the cytoskeleton and is found in virtually all types of what?
Eukaryotic Cells
Serve as tracks for the movement of a motor protein called “_____”, which can also form filaments.
Myosin
A type of cytoskeletal element made of multiple strands of fibrous proteins wound together.
Intermediate Filaments
average diameter of 8 to 10 nm.
Intermediate Filaments
Found in many types of animal cells, but typically not in plants or fungi.
Intermediate Filaments
The largest of the three types of cytoskeletal fibers - diameter of about 25 nm.
Microtubules
Made up of tubulin proteins arranged to form a hollow, straw-like tube, and each tubulin protein consists of two subunits, αtubulin and β-tubulin.
Microtubules
They play a vital role in facilitating the reproduction of cells.
Centrioles
They engage in the arrangement of mitotic spindles during cell division.
Centrioles
it aids in cytokinesis.
Centrioles
it organizes the microtubules in the cytoplasm.
Centrioles
They regulate the position of the nucleus and other organelles in the cell.
Centrioles
are long, hair-like structures that extend outward from the plasma membrane and are used to move an entire cell.
Flagella (singular, flagellum)
Resemble flagella, but are shorter and can generally be divided into two different categories: motile cilia and primary cilia.
Cilia (singular, cilium)
Extensive system of flattened membrane bound tubules, saccules, and flattened cisterns.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Compartmentalizes the cytoplasm in which increases the surface area for biochemical synthesis.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Plays an important role in the modification of proteins and synthesis of lipids.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A general term for membrane structures that come in stacks and have a flattened-pancake structure.
Cisternae
It consists of a network of membranous tubules and flattened sacs.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Found near the nucleus and typically forms large, flat sheets.
Rough (ER)
is as a storage tank for calcium ions, which function in cell signaling.
Smooth (ER)
It produces lipids, including phospholipids, cholesterol and steroids, and glycolipids.
Smooth (ER)
Made up of a series of flattened stacked pouches called cisternae.
Golgi Apparatus
It is located in the cytoplasm next to the endoplasmic reticulum and near the cell nucleus.
Golgi Apparatus
Responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations.
Golgi Apparatus
The process of making ATP using the chemical energy found in glucose and other nutrients is called what?
Cellular respiration — Mitochondria
Oval-shaped organelles with two membranes.
Mitochondria
an outer one, surrounding the entire organelle, and an inner one, with many invaginations (inward protrusions) called?
Cistae
A membrane-bound cell organelle that contains “digestive enzymes”.
Lysosome
to remove waste as well as destroying a cell after it has died, called?
autolysis — lysosome
Are organelles that sequester diverse oxidative reactions and play important roles in metabolism, reactive oxygen species detoxification, and signaling.
Peroxisome
Are organelles found in plants and photosynthetic algae (protists), and their job is to carry out photosynthesis.
Chloroplast
2 types of cells
Mitosis & Meiosis
Division of somatic cells.
(cell dvision)
Mitosis
Division that occurs only on gametic cells.
(cell division)
Meiosis
Only human internal organ capable of natural regeneration of lost tissue.
Liver
aka “CELL DIVISION CYCLE”
Cell Cycle
last about 17-18 hours.
Cell Cycle
Series of events that takes place in a cell leading to its division and duplication (replication).
Cell Cycle
longest 9 hours
(cell cycle)
Gap 1
chromosomes exist as single chromatids.
(cell cycle)
Gap 1
cells are metabolically active.
(cell cycle)
Gap 1
protein synthesis takes place.
(cell cycle)
Gap 1
last about 5 hours.
(cell cycle)
Synthesis
this is when the DNA synthesis occurs.
(cell cycle)
Synthesis
DNA replicates itself and the chromosome then consist of two identical sister chromatids.
(cell cycle)
Synthesis
last about 3 hours.
(cell cycle)
Gap 2
during this phase, the cell prepares to undergo cell division.
(cell cycle)
Gap 2
the completion of G2 represents the end of interphase.
(cell cycle)
Gap 2
the Final Step in the cell cycle.
Mitosis (M)
last only 1-2 hours.
(cell cycle)
Mitosis
Process by which cells reproduce themselves, creating two daughter cells that are genetically identical to one another and to the original parent cell.
(cell cycle)
Mitosis (M)
