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Cytogenetics > The Cell and Cell Cycle > Flashcards

The Cell and Cell Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

It is the functional unit of living organisms.

A

Cell

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2
Q

An organism can be unicellular or multicellular.

A

Cell

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3
Q

The cells of multicellular organisms, such as humans, show a great variety of functional and morphological specializations.

A

Evolution

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4
Q

The process by which cells assume specialized structure and function.

A

Differentiation

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5
Q

aka “plasmalemma”

A

Plasma Membrane

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6
Q

Cell layer composed of bilayer of phospholipid molecules that are amphipathic.

A

Plasma Membrane

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7
Q

Because of Amphipathic nature, phospholipids in aqueous solution will spontaneously form of a bilayer.

A

Plasma Membrane

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8
Q

hydrophilic (water loving), head, glycerol conjugated to a nitrogenous compound.

A

Polar

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9
Q

hydrophobic (water hating), tail, two-long chain fatty acids.

A

Non-polar

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10
Q

Increased by the presence of UNSATURATED fatty acids, which prevent close packing on the hydrophobic cell.

A

Fluidy and Flexibility

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11
Q

largest organelles in the cell.

A

Nucleus

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12
Q

The control center of the cell, containing the “blueprint”.

A

Nucleus

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13
Q

Heterogenous structures with electron-dense and electron-lucent (light) areas.

A

Nuclei

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14
Q

dense areas (tightly-coiled inactive chromatin)

A

Heterochromatin — Nuclei

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15
Q

electron-lucent nuclear material that is active in RNA synthesis.

A

Euchromatin — Nuclei

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16
Q

HETEROCHROMATIN and EUCHROMATIN are called?

A

Chromatin

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17
Q

Sites of ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribosome assembly.

A

Nucleolus

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18
Q

Ribosomal RNA and proteins, synthesized in the cytoplasm and imported back into the nucleus, are assembled into subunits.

A

Nucleolus

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19
Q

Cytoplasmic organelles are suspended in fluid medium called? which many metabolic reactions takes place.

A

Cytosol

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20
Q

within the cytosol is?

A

— the cytoskeleton

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21
Q

Provides structural support for the cells and its organelles, as well as providing mechanism for transfer of materials within the cell and movement of the cell itself.

A

Cytoskeleton

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22
Q

the narrowest

A

Microfilaments

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23
Q

diameter of about 7 nm.

A

Microfilaments

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24
Q

Made up of many linked monomers of a protein called “actin”, combined in a structure that resembles a double helix.

A

Microfilaments

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25
Q

also known as “actin filaments”.

A

Microfilaments

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26
Q

Actin is a key part of the cytoskeleton and is found in virtually all types of what?

A

Eukaryotic Cells

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27
Q

Serve as tracks for the movement of a motor protein called “_____”, which can also form filaments.

A

Myosin

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28
Q

A type of cytoskeletal element made of multiple strands of fibrous proteins wound together.

A

Intermediate Filaments

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29
Q

average diameter of 8 to 10 nm.

A

Intermediate Filaments

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30
Q

Found in many types of animal cells, but typically not in plants or fungi.

A

Intermediate Filaments

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31
Q

The largest of the three types of cytoskeletal fibers - diameter of about 25 nm.

A

Microtubules

32
Q

Made up of tubulin proteins arranged to form a hollow, straw-like tube, and each tubulin protein consists of two subunits, αtubulin and β-tubulin.

A

Microtubules

33
Q

They play a vital role in facilitating the reproduction of cells.

A

Centrioles

34
Q

They engage in the arrangement of mitotic spindles during cell division.

A

Centrioles

35
Q

it aids in cytokinesis.

A

Centrioles

36
Q

it organizes the microtubules in the cytoplasm.

A

Centrioles

37
Q

They regulate the position of the nucleus and other organelles in the cell.

A

Centrioles

38
Q

are long, hair-like structures that extend outward from the plasma membrane and are used to move an entire cell.

A

Flagella (singular, flagellum)

39
Q

Resemble flagella, but are shorter and can generally be divided into two different categories: motile cilia and primary cilia.

A

Cilia (singular, cilium)

40
Q

Extensive system of flattened membrane bound tubules, saccules, and flattened cisterns.

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

41
Q

Compartmentalizes the cytoplasm in which increases the surface area for biochemical synthesis.

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

42
Q

Plays an important role in the modification of proteins and synthesis of lipids.

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

43
Q

A general term for membrane structures that come in stacks and have a flattened-pancake structure.

A

Cisternae

44
Q

It consists of a network of membranous tubules and flattened sacs.

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

45
Q

Found near the nucleus and typically forms large, flat sheets.

A

Rough (ER)

46
Q

is as a storage tank for calcium ions, which function in cell signaling.

A

Smooth (ER)

47
Q

It produces lipids, including phospholipids, cholesterol and steroids, and glycolipids.

A

Smooth (ER)

48
Q

Made up of a series of flattened stacked pouches called cisternae.

A

Golgi Apparatus

49
Q

It is located in the cytoplasm next to the endoplasmic reticulum and near the cell nucleus.

A

Golgi Apparatus

50
Q

Responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations.

A

Golgi Apparatus

51
Q

The process of making ATP using the chemical energy found in glucose and other nutrients is called what?

A

Cellular respiration — Mitochondria

52
Q

Oval-shaped organelles with two membranes.

A

Mitochondria

53
Q

an outer one, surrounding the entire organelle, and an inner one, with many invaginations (inward protrusions) called?

A

Cistae

54
Q

A membrane-bound cell organelle that contains “digestive enzymes”.

A

Lysosome

55
Q

to remove waste as well as destroying a cell after it has died, called?

A

autolysis — lysosome

56
Q

Are organelles that sequester diverse oxidative reactions and play important roles in metabolism, reactive oxygen species detoxification, and signaling.

A

Peroxisome

57
Q

Are organelles found in plants and photosynthetic algae (protists), and their job is to carry out photosynthesis.

A

Chloroplast

58
Q

2 types of cells

A

Mitosis & Meiosis

59
Q

Division of somatic cells.

(cell dvision)

A

Mitosis

60
Q

Division that occurs only on gametic cells.

(cell division)

A

Meiosis

61
Q

Only human internal organ capable of natural regeneration of lost tissue.

A

Liver

62
Q

aka “CELL DIVISION CYCLE”

A

Cell Cycle

63
Q

last about 17-18 hours.

A

Cell Cycle

64
Q

Series of events that takes place in a cell leading to its division and duplication (replication).

A

Cell Cycle

65
Q

longest 9 hours

(cell cycle)

A

Gap 1

66
Q

chromosomes exist as single chromatids.

(cell cycle)

A

Gap 1

67
Q

cells are metabolically active.

(cell cycle)

A

Gap 1

68
Q

protein synthesis takes place.

(cell cycle)

A

Gap 1

69
Q

last about 5 hours.

(cell cycle)

A

Synthesis

70
Q

this is when the DNA synthesis occurs.

(cell cycle)

A

Synthesis

71
Q

DNA replicates itself and the chromosome then consist of two identical sister chromatids.

(cell cycle)

A

Synthesis

72
Q

last about 3 hours.

(cell cycle)

A

Gap 2

73
Q

during this phase, the cell prepares to undergo cell division.

(cell cycle)

A

Gap 2

74
Q

the completion of G2 represents the end of interphase.

(cell cycle)

A

Gap 2

75
Q

the Final Step in the cell cycle.

A

Mitosis (M)

76
Q

last only 1-2 hours.

(cell cycle)

A

Mitosis

77
Q

Process by which cells reproduce themselves, creating two daughter cells that are genetically identical to one another and to the original parent cell.

(cell cycle)

A

Mitosis (M)

Cytogenetics (14 decks)

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