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Cytogenetics > Introduction to Cytogenetics — Prelim > Flashcards

Introduction to Cytogenetics — Prelim Flashcards

1
Q

A branch of science that deals with the study of CELLS in terms of structure, function, and chemistry.

A

Cytology

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2
Q

It is the study of inherited traits, rooted in DNA, and their variations and transmission.

A

Genetics

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3
Q

It is the transmission of traits and biological information between generations.

A

Heredity

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4
Q

A units of heredity in that copies of genes are passed from one generation to the next.

A

Genes

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5
Q

The complete set of genetic instructions characteristic of an organism, including protein-encoding genes and other DNA sequences.

A

Genome

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6
Q

They contain all the genetic information necessary to create a living being.

A

Chromosome

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7
Q

Dominant vs. Recessive

A

Allele

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8
Q

It refers to the underlying DNA instructions (alleles present).

A

Genotype

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9
Q

It is the visible trait, biochemical change, or effect on health (alleles expressed).

A

Phenotype

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10
Q

Humans have about how many genes?

A

20,000- 30,000 genes

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11
Q

It is composed of the molecule deoxyribonucleic acid, more familiarly know as DNA.

A

Gene

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12
Q

DNA is very long protein molecule that is composed of base pairs called?

A

Nucleotides

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13
Q

Chromosomes is discovered by whom?

A

Karl Wilhelm von Nageli

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14
Q

He described chromosomes using salamander.

A

Walther Flemming

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15
Q

He coined the term chromosome.

A

Heinrich Waldeyer

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16
Q

All full complement chromosomes arranged from the largest to smallest called?

A

Karyotype

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17
Q

How many chromosomes in human cells?

A

46

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17
Q

A heritable factor that controls a specific characteristics.

A

Gene

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18
Q

alternative forms of gene

A

Alleles

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19
Q
  • Expressed when present (even in one copy)
  • Represented by capital letters (e.g., B)
A

Dominant alleles

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20
Q
  • Expressed only when two copies are present
  • Represented by lowercase letters (e.g., b)
A

Recessive alleles

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21
Q

Genetic makeup of an organism.

A

Genotype

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22
Q

Observable characteristics

A

Phenotype

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23
Q

Cyto means what?

A

Cell

24
Q

3 several main functions that the cell must carry out.

A
  1. Molecule transport
  2. Energy conversion
  3. Reproduction
25
Q

2 types of cells

A
  1. Prokaryotic
  2. Eukaryotic
26
Q

It is a membrane delineated compartment that houses the eukaryotic cells DNA.

A

Nucleus

27
Q

Eukaryotic DNA is organized in one or more linear molecules called?

A

Chromosomes

28
Q

It is a branch of genetics studying inheritance related to chromosome structure and function.

A

Cyotogenetics

29
Q

It discipline that describes how physical characteristics (traits) are passed along from one generation to another.

(branches of genetics)

A

Classical genetics

30
Q

The study of genes in populations of animals, plants, and microbes provides information on past migrations, evolutionary relationships and extents of mixing among different varieties and species, and methods of adaptation to the environment.

(branches of genetics)

A

Population genetics

31
Q

The study of the chemical and physical structures of DNA, its close cousin RNA (ribonucleic acid), and proteins. Molecular genetics also covers how genes do their jobs.

(branches of genetics)

A

Molecular genetics

32
Q

A highly mathematical field that examines the statistical relationships between genes and the traits with which they are associated.

(branches of genetics)

A

Quantitative genetics

33
Q

Genetic concepts have been found in the literature of the Greeks. “The Greeks were tied with the idea of heredity because of the constant referral to lineages of kings and gods”

A

Bazopoulou — Kyrkanidou

34
Q

He proposed that “humors” served as bearers of traits.

A

Aristotle (350BC)

35
Q

He proposed the theory of epigenesis, which states that an organism develops from the fertilized egg by a succession of developmental events that eventually transform the egg into an adult.

A

William Harvey (1600)

36
Q

They proposed the cell theory, stating that all organisms are composed of basic structural units called cells, which are derived from preexisting cells.

A

Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

37
Q

He formulated the theory of Natural Selection.

A

Charles Darwin

38
Q

The characteristic number of chromosomes a eukaryote has in most of its cells.

A

Diploid number (2n)

39
Q

Chromosomes in diploid cells exist in pairs called?

A

“homologous chromosomes”

40
Q

Chromosomes behave differently during the two forms of cell division which are?

A

Mitosis & Meiosis

41
Q

The chromosomes are copied and distributed to each daughter cell. Both cells obtain a diploid set of chromosomes.

(Mitosis & Meiosis)

A

Mitosis

42
Q

The cells receive only one chromosome from each chromosome pair, and the resulting number of chromosome is called the haploid number (n).

(Mitosis & Meiosis)

A

Meiosis

43
Q

What year is Dolly the sheep was born?

A

1996

44
Q

It is the study of allele frequency distribution and change.

A

Population genetics

45
Q

4 main evolutionary processes of Population Genetics

A
  1. Natural Selection
  2. Genetic Drift
  3. Mutation
  4. Gene Flow
46
Q

It is a set of organism in which any pair of members can breed together. This implies that all members belong to the same species and live near each other.

A

Population

47
Q

Process by which heritable traits that make it more likely for an organism to survive and successfully reproduce become more common in a population over successive generations.

(4 main evolutionary processes of Population Genetics)

A

Natural selection

48
Q

The change in relative frequency in which a gene variant (allele) occurs in a population due to random sampling and chance.

(4 main evolutionary processes of Population Genetics)

A

Genetic drift

49
Q

Changes in the DNA sequence of a cell’s genome maybe caused by radiation, viruses, transposons, and mutagenic chemicals, as well as errors that occur during meiosis or DNA replication.

(4 main evolutionary processes of Population Genetics)

A

Mutation

50
Q

Exchange of genes between populations which are usually of the same species.

(4 main evolutionary processes of Population Genetics)

A

Gene flow

51
Q

Cytogenetics involves the examination of chromosomes and their abnormalities.

(methods of genetic study)

A

Cytogenetic testing

52
Q

Clinical testing for a biochemical disease utilizes techniques that examine the protein instead of the gene.

(methods of genetic study)

A

Biochemical testing

53
Q

Direct DNA analysis is possible only when the gene sequence of interest is known.

(methods of genetic study)

A

Molecular testing

54
Q

Can offer form evidence that a disease transmitted from parent to child is linked to one or more genes.

(methods of genetic study)

A

Genetic mapping

55
Q

Provides clues about the chromosome contains the gene and precisely where it lies on that chromosome.

(methods of genetic study)

A

Genetic mapping

56
Q

It is a study of genome. It studies the structure, function, and evolution of genes and genomes.

(GPB)

A

Genomics

57
Q

It identifies the et of proteins present in a cell under a given set of conditions, and studies their functions and interactions.

(GPB)

A

Proteomics

58
Q

Subfield of information technology used to store, retrieve and analyze the massive amount of data generated by genomics and proteomics.

(GPB)

A

Bioinformatics

Cytogenetics (4 decks)

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